Increased new bone formation with a surface magnesium‐incorporated deproteinized porcine bone substitute in rabbit calvarial defects

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of magnesium ion (Mg) incorporation into the surface of deproteinized porcine cancellous bone in the bone healing of rabbit calvarial defects with the expectation of utilizing the integrin-ligand binding enhancement effect of Mg, and compared its bone healing capacity with that of untreated porcine cancellous bone and deproteinized bovine bone (Bio-Oss). Hydrothermal treatment was performed to produce Mg-incorporated porcine bone using an alkaline Mg-containing solution. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Defects 7 mm in diameter were created in the calvaria of 14 adult male New Zealand White rabbits and were filled with (1) untreated porcine bone (PB), (2) Bio-Oss, and (3) Mg-containing porcine bone (MG). The percentage of newly formed bone (NB%) was evaluated histomorphometrically at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. Hydrothermal treatment resulted in a Mg-containing surface in porcine bone covered with nanostructures ~100 nm in size. The MG group supported better new bone formation compared with the other groups. Osteoconductive new bone formation was observed in the central defect area in the MG group at an early healing time-point. Histomorphometric analysis revealed significantly greater NB% in the MG group when compared with the untreated PB and Bio-Oss groups at 4 weeks (p < 0.05). The Mg-incorporated porcine bone with surface nanostructures achieved rapid new bone formation in the osseous defects of rabbit calvaria compared with untreated xenografts of porcine and bovine origin.

TRPM7 kinase-mediated immunomodulation in macrophage plays a central role in magnesium ion-induced bone regeneration

“…Magnesium, its alloys [10][11][12][13] and derivatives [14][15][16] have been extensively studied as replacements for non-degradable metallic implants e.g., titanium alloys in bone surgeries. Mg 2+ modified biomaterials have shown superior osteogenic capacity in many reports [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] . However, the detrimental effects of Mg 2+ released upon degradation have also been observed [22][23][24] .…”

Randomized Clinical Trial of Maxillary Sinus Grafting using Deproteinized Porcine and Bovine Bone Mineral

“…Other xenograft materials from the other origins (swine and equine) have been introduced in the clinical and research fields of dentistry under the banner of prevention of the bovine‐specific disease transmission . Although no clinicians have reported disease transmission related to this method since DBBM was first used several decades ago, a recent systematic review indicated a possible risk of disease transmission related to prions .…”

“…Other xenograft materials from the other origins (swine and equine) have been introduced in the clinical and research fields of dentistry under the banner of prevention of the bovine-specific disease transmis-sion. [10][11][12][13][14] Although no clinicians have reported disease transmission related to this method since DBBM was first used several decades ago, a recent systematic review indicated a possible risk of disease transmission related to prions. 15 Deproteinized porcine bone mineral (DPBM) is one substitute for DBBM, and several researchers already introduced DPBM for clinical dental procedures [16][17][18][19] based on the structural/ physiological similarities of bone tissue between human and swine.…”

Comparative study of porous hydroxyapatite/chitosan and whitlockite/chitosan scaffolds for bone regeneration in calvarial defects

“…Hussain et al 43 incorporated different concentrations of magnesium phosphate calcium (MCP) into gelatin sponges and prepared MCP gelatin scaffolds that could promote the healing of calvaria defects in rats. Additionally, Park et al 44 prepared deproteinized porcine cancellous bone incorporated with Mg on the surface with which the rabbit calvaria defect could be better healed after implantation. Yoshizawa et al 45 attributed these promoting effects to Mg incorporation with higher level of osteogenesis-related genes and mineralization when treating hBMSCs with MgSO 4 at different concentrations.…”