Increased plasma concentrations of interleukin 35 in patients with coronary artery disease

Abstract

IntroductionAtherosclerosis leading to coronary artery disease (CAD) is a chronic inflammatory condition. Interleukin 35 (IL-35) released by regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been found to be associated with CAD in the Chinese population. However, nothing is known about the relation between IL-35 concentrations and cholesterol levels. The aim of the study was to assess the levels of IL-35 in CAD patients and healthy subjects from a Caucasian population, and to analyze the relationship between IL-35 and the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), sex and postmenopausal status.Material and methodsThirty-one patients with CAD and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Levels of plasma IL-35 were analyzed by ELISA. The LVEF was assessed by transthoracic echocardiographic examination. Plasma levels of cholesterol fractions and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed by immunoenzymatic methods.ResultsThe CAD patients had higher levels of IL-35 as compared to healthy controls (58.1 ±16.6 pg/ml vs. 5.35 ±3.35 pg/ml; p < 0.001). IL-35 levels negatively correlated with total and LDL cholesterol concentrations (R = –0.31, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with HDL cholesterol in men (R = 0.53, p < 0.01). In women, IL-35 levels negatively correlated with LVEF (R = –0.29, p < 0.05) and positively with the duration of postmenopausal status (R = 0.55, p < 0.01).ConclusionsThese results suggest a possible association between high levels of IL-35 and CAD.

Diminished circulating concentration of interleukin‐35 in Helicobacter pylori‐infected patients with peptic ulcer: Its association with FOXP3 gene polymorphism, bacterial virulence factor CagA, and gender of patients

“…44 autoimmune thrombocytopenia, 45 periodontitis, 46 and coronary artery diseases. 47 The results of the present study also showed that there was significant difference between PU, AS, and NHS groups with respect to the distribution of the genotypes and alleles at rs3761548 in the Several SNPs were placed in the promoter, intron, and exon regions of the FOXP3 gene. 29 When SNPs are situated in the promoter region, they could impair gene expression through affecting the transcription process.…”

“…However, elevated levels of IL‐35 were reported in patients with hepatitis B virus infection, especially in those with higher viral load, in patients with active tuberculosis, in patients with leprosy, and in patients with malignant diseases . Furthermore, circulating levels of IL‐35 are aberrant in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), allergic asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, periodontitis, and coronary artery diseases …”

Expression of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers in serum of patients with coronary heart disease and correlation with coronary artery calcium score

“…IL-35 inhibits inflammatory response. Both are associated with the modulating effects of IL-1 ( 14 , 15 ). Studies have shown that overexpression of IL-1 can induce the release of higher levels of IL-23 by hepatocytes and macrophages, and cause disorders of lipid metabolism, triggering formation of an inflammatory microenvironment ( 16 , 17 ).…”

Roles and Mechanisms of Interleukin-12 Family Members in Cardiovascular Diseases: Opportunities and Challenges

“…Contrary to clinical experiments, as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-35 expression in mouse atherosclerotic plaques was significantly increased . A small number of other studies, however, have reported increased IL-35 expression in atherosclerotic plaques and serum in ApoE mice fed with a high-fat diet, as well as in the plasma of patients with coronary artery disease (Gorzelak-Pabiś et al, 2017;Li et al, 2018). Using a mouse model of atherosclerosis, administration of recombinant mouse IL-35 significantly decreased plaque area in the aortic root, and Treg immune responses were also found to be enhanced (Tao et al, 2016).…”

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