INCREASED PLASMA LEVELS OF IMMUNOREACTIVE Β-Endorphin AND CORTICOTROPIN IN NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES

Vermes, I.; Steinmetz, Emily K.; Schoorl, Jantiene; Veen, E.A. van der; Tilders, F. J. H.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92964-2

Cited by 35 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In particular, some studies reported in these subjects an elevation of ACTH (10,12), basal (9 -11) and after dexamethasone test serum cortisol (13,14), and late-night salivary cortisol levels (15). In contrast, other previous studies (16 -17) did not show any alteration of pituitary-adrenal axis secretion.…”

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confidence: 63%

Cortisol Secretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

et al. 2007

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OBJECTIVE -The presence of an enhanced cortisol secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes is debated. In type 2 diabetic subjects, cortisol secretion was found to be associated with the complications and metabolic control of diabetes. We evaluated cortisol secretion in 170 type 2 diabetic subjects and in 71 sex-, age-, and BMI-matched nondiabetic subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-In all subjects, we evaluated ACTH at 8:00 A.M. in basal conditions and serum cortisol levels at 12:00 P.M. (F24) and at 9:00 A.M. after a 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test and 24-h urinary free cortisol (UFC). In diabetic patients, we evaluated the presence of chronic complications (incipient nephropathy, asymptomatic neuropathy, background retinopathy, and silent macroangiopathy). Patients were subdivided according to the absence (group 1, n ϭ 53) or presence (group 2, n ϭ 117) of diabetes complications.RESULTS -In group 2, UFC (125.2 Ϯ 4.6 nmol/24 h) and F24 (120.6 Ϯ 4.1 nmol/l) were higher than in group 1 (109.2 Ϯ 6.8 nmol/24 h, P ϭ 0.057, and 99.7 Ϯ 6.1 nmol/l, P ϭ 0.005, respectively) and in nondiabetic patients (101.7 Ϯ 5.9 nmol/24 h, P ϭ 0.002, and 100.3 Ϯ 5.3 nmol/l, P ϭ 0.003, respectively). In diabetic patients, the number of complications was associated with F24 (R ϭ 0.345; P Ͻ 0.0001) and diabetes duration (R ϭ 0.39; P Ͻ 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of diabetes complications was significantly associated with F24, sex, duration of diabetes, and glycated hemoglobin.CONCLUSIONS -In type 2 diabetic subjects, hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal activity is enhanced in patients with diabetes complications and the degree of cortisol secretion is related to the presence and number of diabetes complications. Diabetes Care 30:83-88, 2007I n patients with type 2 diabetes, glucocorticoid secretion has been suggested to be a possible link between insulin resistance and the features of the metabolic syndrome (hypertension, obesity, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and type 2 diabetes) (1-4). In fact, while glucocorticoid excess (overt or subclinical) has been demonstrated to lead to diabetes or to worsen metabolic control (5-7), the relationship between cortisol levels, insulin resistance, and chronic complications in type 2 diabetic patients without hypercortisolism is still a matter of debate.In past years, the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes has been extensively investigated (8 -14). In particular, some studies reported in these subjects an elevation of ACTH (10,12), basal (9 -11) and after dexamethasone test serum cortisol (13,14), and late-night salivary cortisol levels (15). In contrast, other previous studies (16 -17) did not show any alteration of pituitary-adrenal axis secretion. The presence of chronic complications of type 2 diabetes (i.e., macroangiopathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy) has been associated to with HPA axis activity (9,18 -23), and an association between the degree of severity of several clinical measures of d...

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confidence: 63%

Cortisol Secretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

et al. 2007

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“…The relationship of opioid peptides and diabetes has received some attention (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34). For example, high plasma levels of [Met 5 ]-enkephalin (28,29) but normal levels of ␤-endorphin (25) have been reported in patients with diabetes.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…For example, high plasma levels of [Met 5 ]-enkephalin (28,29) but normal levels of ␤-endorphin (25) have been reported in patients with diabetes. Moreover, elevated levels of [Met 5 ]-enkephalin also have been recorded in genetically diabetic (db/db) mice (30,31), and prodynorphin peptides have been reported to be elevated in the brain of diabetic rats (34).…”

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confidence: 99%

Naltrexone, an Opioid Antagonist, Facilitates Reepithelialization of the Cornea in Diabetic Rat

et al. 2002

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Ulcers and erosions of the corneal epithelium, as well as delays in resurfacing of the cornea after wounding, are major causes of ocular morbidity and visual loss in diabetes. To study whether intervention by the opioid antagonist naltrexone (NTX; 30 mg/kg, twice daily) can restore reepithelialization in diabetic cornea, we induced diabetes in rats by intravenous injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin. After confirmation of diabetes, 5-mm-diameter epithelial defects that did not include the limbus were created by mechanical scraping of the cornea. At 4 and 8 weeks, corneal reepithelialization was markedly subnormal, with delays ranging from 11% to 17-fold in the diabetic animals compared with control counterparts. Rats that were diabetic for 8 weeks also had a significant decrease in the incidence of complete wound closure. At 4 and 8 weeks, diabetic animals that were receiving NTX had an acceleration in reepithelialization compared with diabetic animals that were receiving vehicle and even surpassed controls. DNA synthesis in the corneal epithelium of diabetic rats was decreased up to 90% of control levels, and NTX exposure of diabetic subjects elevated the labeling index by up to eightfold from diabetic animals that were receiving vehicle. Opioid growth factor and opioid growth factor receptor distribution were comparable in diabetic and control animals. These results indicate a delay in reepithelialization that is dependent on the duration of diabetes and that intervention of endogenous opioidreceptor interfacing with an opioid antagonist can facilitate the process of wound healing. Diabetes 51: 3055-3062, 2002

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“…They are potent regulators of growth and known as opioid growth factors [8][9][10]. The relationship between opioid peptides and diabetes has been considered in different studies [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. OGF activity was targeted to cells that were developing, renewing, or repairing.…”

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confidence: 99%