Increased prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum Pfmdr1 86N genotype among field isolates from Franceville, Gabon after replacement of chloroquine by artemether–lumefantrine and artesunate–mefloquine

Pfmdr1 gene polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from asymptomatic individuals of Dienga, southeastern Gabon

“…A surveillance of molecular markers of drug resistance, in parasites from asymptomatic individuals, a hidden reservoir, is particularly important to improve malaria control strategies. In sub-Saharan African countries, the monitoring of malaria and anti-malarial drug resistance in rural areas is unusual, as most data are commonly reported from urban areas in Gabon [24,26], in Zanzibar [31], Cameroon [32], Senegal [33] and Mozambique [34].…”

“…isolates (microscopic and submicroscopic) using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit according to the manufacturer's procedure (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). Pfmdr1 polymorphism was assessed using PCR-RFLP as previously described [26]. Primer sequences for N86Y, D184F and D1246Y SNPs PCR and restriction enzymes are shown in Table 2 [19].…”

“…Later, in 2013, several studies demonstrated the rise of malaria in urban areas of the country (Libreville, Oyem and Franceville) [24,25]. In addition, an increased prevalence of the Pfmdr1 86N genotype of P. falciparum from symptomatic individuals was observed in Franceville [26], confirming previous data from Oyem (North of Gabon) [27]. All these previous studies were conducted in urban hospitals and were mainly performed on symptomatic individuals By contrast; little is known about malaria epidemiology in rural areas.…”

Polymorphic patterns of pfcrt and pfmdr1 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates along the Thai-Myanmar border

“…Mefloquine was introduced for clinical use in Thailand since 1983, and since then, it has effectively select resistance genotype particularly the pfmdr1 codon 86 wild type (N86) [21,22] . Extensive use of mefloquine in area along ThaiMyanmar border provided significant impact on the intensity and patterns of P. falciparum drug resistance genotypes, the pfmdr1 mutation at codon 86 is gradually replaced by wild type (N86) genotype [21] .…”

“…Extensive use of mefloquine in area along ThaiMyanmar border provided significant impact on the intensity and patterns of P. falciparum drug resistance genotypes, the pfmdr1 mutation at codon 86 is gradually replaced by wild type (N86) genotype [21] . Prevalence of pfmdr1 mutation at codon 86 in Tak and Kanchanaburi during [2001][2002][2003] was 2.0% and 5.8%, respectively [23] , and it was completely cleared from these areas in 2009-2010. Nevertheless, a number of isolates were found to carry mutant allele of pfmdr1 codon 86, 1 isolate each from Mae Hongson and Ranong.…”