Increased Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production in Down syndrome Children Upon Stimulation with Live Influenza A Virus

Abstract

Children with DS have an altered immune response to influenza A virus. The production of higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines may be responsible for a more severe clinical course of viral disease in these children.

Increased production of interleukin-10 in children with Down syndrome upon ex vivo stimulation with Streptococcus pneumoniae

“…Also, an increased risk of hospitalization, endotracheal intubation, and death due to influenza A virus infection was reported in DS (29). In addition, we found an increased proinflammatory cytokine response to live influenza A virus in children with DS, which might contribute to an increased severity of their clinical course of this infection (30). Bacterial pathogens, both Gram positive and Gram negative, can also cause lower RTIs in children.…”

Research Article Polymorphisms of interleukin 6 in Down syndrome individuals: a case-control study.

“…It can be responsible for increased incidence of infections, mainly in the respiratory tract (Bloemers et al, 2010;Broers et al, 2012), and occurrence of autoimmune disease in DS (Gillespie et al, 2006;Pellegrini et al, 2012).…”

“…The cytokines belong to a diversified group of protein, which participated in various biological processes, including the mediation of the inflammatory response (Zhang and An, 2007). Changes in the concentration of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in DS individuals demonstrate its association with the syndrome pathogenesis (Tsilingaridis et al, 2003;Guazzarotti et al, 2009;Cetiner et al, 2010;Broers et al, 2012Broers et al, , 2014. The study of Cetiner et al (2010) observed that the IL6 serum levels were lower in DS children compared with individuals without the syndrome.…”

“…Furthermore, an increase in the production of alpha-TNF, beta-IL1, -IL6, -IL8, alpha-INF, gamma-INF, and IL10 was observed in peripheral blood culture of DS children, stimulated by influenza A virus and by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Broers et al, 2012(Broers et al, , 2014. A significant increase in IL7 serum levels in healthy adolescents with DS was observed, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these individuals stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) presented an increase of gamma-IFN and IL10 levels (Guazzarotti et al, 2009).…”

Проблема Бактериальных Осложнений При Респираторных Вирусных Инфекциях

“…Например, у мышей линии DBA, продуцирую-щих в ответ на гриппозную инфекцию высокие уров-ни IFN I типа, летальная инфекция развивается при заражении дозами, безопасными для мышей линии С57BL/6 с умеренной выработкой IFN [83,84]. У людей с синдромом Дауна выявлена повышен-ная чувствительность к респираторным инфекциям и высокая вероятность тяжелых осложнений, сопря-жённых с генетически обусловленной гиперпродук-цией IFN α/γ в ответ на вирусную инфекцию [85].…”