Increased vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor–c and decreased nm23 expression associated with microdissemination in the lymph nodes in stage i non–small cell lung cancer

Abstract

All of these findings lead us to conclude that the microspread of tumor cells in nodes detected by immunohistochemical anticytokeratin staining is definitely a metastasis with a high risk of systemic disease.

Clinical significance of vascular endothelial growth factor‐C and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 in patients with T1 lung adenocarcinoma

“…Three studies reported positive associations of tumor-cell VEGF-C status with nodal metastasis in NSCLCs 17,18 and micrometastasis in Stage I NSCLCs. 19 In contrast, three studies described no association of tumor-cell VEGF-C status with nodal metastasis in NSCLCs. 20 -22 Unlike the current study, Su and coworkers 32 reported that lung adenocarcinoma patients with high expression of tumor-cell VEGF-C were more likely than those with lower expression to have metastasis.…”

“…Several studies have reported VEGF-C expression in NSCLCs. [17][18][19][20][21][22] In addition, NSCLC patients with nodal metastasis revealed higher serum VEGF-C levels than those without. 31 However, the association of tumor-cell VEGF-C and nodal metastasis in NSCLCs is still debated.…”

“…However, two studies reported that tumor-cell VEGF-C status did not have a significant prognostic impact. 19,22 Interestingly, Nakashima and coworkers 22 demonstrated that tumor-cell VEGF-C status was a significant prognostic factor in lung squamous cell carcinomas but not in lung adenocarcinomas, whereas tumor-cell VEGF was a significant prognostic factor in lung adenocarcinomas but not in lung squamous cell carcinomas. In addition, Ogawa and coworkers 21 described lower survivals of the high VEGF-C expression group of lung squamous cell carcinomas (5-year survival: high expression, 48.3% and low expression, 70.7%) than those of lung adenocarcinomas (5-year survival: high expression, 53.7% and low expression, 64.2%).…”

“…15,16 However, an association of VEGF-C with nodal metastasis is still unclear in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). [17][18][19][20][21][22] Niki and coworkers 23 described low VEGF-D mRNA levels in tumor tissue samples of lung adenocarcinoma patients with lymph node metastasis, although these samples showed high mRNA levels of VEGF, VEGF-B, and VEGF-C. VEGFR-3 expression was observed in blood and lymphatic vessels in stroma of various malignancies 24 -26 including NSCLCs. 17,18,20,27,28 However, there has been no report to assess the clinicopathologic significance of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in patients with TNM classification T1 lung adenocarcinoma (tumor size of Յ 3 cm less in diameter).…”

Surgical Results in T2N0M0 Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Large Tumors 5 cm or Greater in Diameter: What Regulates Outcome?

“…After reviewing the hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of the tumor specimens, we selected blocks of the invasive edge in the tumor area. Paraffin-embedded tumor tissues were cut into consecutive sections 4 µm thick, deparaffinized, and subjected to immunohistochemical staining using the labeled streptavidin-biotin method, as described previously [14]. The primary antibodies used in the present study were a rabbit polyclonal antibody to angiostatin (Oncogene Research Products, Cambridge, MA) diluted 150-fold [15], a rabbit polyclonal antibody to endostatin (Lab Vision Corp., Fremont, CA), and a rabbit polyclonal antibody to VEGF (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA) diluted 5 100-fold.…”