Increasing duration of smoke exposure induces more severe lung injury in sheep

Abstract

Eighteen sheep previously prepared for chronic study were divided into three groups of six animals each. These were given graded inhalation injury utilizing smoke obtained from burning cotton-toweling material. Smoke was insufflated into animals with a modified bee smoker at temperatures less than 40 degrees C. Group H, which received 64 breaths of smoke, showed the most pronounced changes in pulmonary function. The changes consisted mainly of a profound increase in lung lymph flow following a reduced P/F ratio (PO2 in arterial blood/inspired O2 fraction) and an elevation in both thermal and gravimetrically measured extravascular lung water. Similar changes were seen in group M (48 breaths of smoke) and group L (32 breaths of smoke). However, the injury was graded based on the changes in gravimetrically measured lung water and lung lymph flow. These were highest in group H and lowest in group L. These studies confirm our ability to accurately quantitate the injury induced by smoke inhalation. In addition, it demonstrates that lung injury associated with the inhalation of smoke can be graded depending on the duration of exposure.

γ-Tocopherol nebulization by a lipid aerosolization device improves pulmonary function in sheep with burn and smoke inhalation injury

“…Beckman and colleagues [55] reported that the prevention of decomposition of NOx by scavenging superoxide anion using superoxide dismutase (SOD) reduced the tissue 3-nitrotyrosine content. We have previously measured the chemical content of the smoke from burning cotton [56]. The majority of the offending materials were aldehydes and acrolein.…”

Burn and smoke inhalation injury in sheep depletes vitamin E: Kinetic studies using deuterated tocopherols

“…Sheep were surgically prepared for chronic study, as described previously (19)(20)(21). Briefly, a Swan-Ganz thermal dilution catheter (model 93A-1317-F, Edwards Critical Care Division; Irvine, CA) was inserted through the right external jugular vein for the measurement of cardiac output and the core body temperature and measure the central venous pressure to evaluate fluid resuscitation.…”

“…The smoke and burn injury protocol was described previously (19)(20)(21). Briefly, under induction of anesthesia with 10 mg/kg ketamine (Ketalar; Parke-Davis; Morris Plains, NJ), a tracheotomy was performed, and a cuffed tracheostomy tube (10-mm diameter, Sheiley; Irvine, CA) was inserted.…”

“…The resuscitation protocol was described previously (19)(20)(21). Immediately after the injury, anesthesia was discontinued and the animals were allowed to awaken and were mechanically ventilated with a Servo ventilator (model 900C, Simens-Elena; Solna, Sweden) throughout the next 48 h experimental period.…”

Substance P and neutral endopeptidase in development of acute respiratory distress syndrome following fire smoke inhalation

“…As observed in numerous human and experimental animal models, the response may be attributed to smoke combustion products, heat, and hypoxia environment. Detailed examinations have indicated the characterized airway damage induced by FS could be reproduced by the airway nebulization of acrolein, one of numerous aldehydes among smoke combustion products (18,25). These are some of the chemicals that have been recognized to have obvious sensory neurotoxicity in the lungs (27,48).…”