Increasing Inflorescence Dry Weight and Cannabinoid Content in Medical Cannabis Using Controlled Drought Stress

Caplan, Deron; Dixon, Mike; Zheng, Youbin

doi:10.21273/hortsci13510-18

Cited by 74 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…This finding is important for C. sativa cultivators to consider, given many cultivators are interested in increasing cannabinoid concentrations through controlled stress applications to improve the highly economically and medically valuable inflorescence. It has been shown that cannabinoid concentrations can be increased through controlled drought stress application (Caplan et al, 2019). Caplan et al (2019) increased THCA and CBDA concentrations by 12 and 13%, respectively, compared to the control, by applying a drought stress that induced a 50% decrease in leaf angle from the turgid state at 39 DFS and then allowing the plant to recover.…”

Section: Nacl Decreases Yield and Potencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that cannabinoid concentrations can be increased through controlled drought stress application (Caplan et al, 2019). Caplan et al (2019) increased THCA and CBDA concentrations by 12 and 13%, respectively, compared to the control, by applying a drought stress that induced a 50% decrease in leaf angle from the turgid state at 39 DFS and then allowing the plant to recover. Given that drought and salt can induce stress on plants through similar functions (Munns, 2002), the opposing results between our study and Caplan et al (2019) is likely a result of stress being applied in a cumulative or perpetual fashion versus a periodic or single occurrence.…”

Section: Nacl Decreases Yield and Potencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caplan et al (2019) increased THCA and CBDA concentrations by 12 and 13%, respectively, compared to the control, by applying a drought stress that induced a 50% decrease in leaf angle from the turgid state at 39 DFS and then allowing the plant to recover. Given that drought and salt can induce stress on plants through similar functions (Munns, 2002), the opposing results between our study and Caplan et al (2019) is likely a result of stress being applied in a cumulative or perpetual fashion versus a periodic or single occurrence. An initial stress event can cause hormonal changes in the plant which can increase secondary metabolite production (Krasensky and Jonak, 2012).…”

Section: Nacl Decreases Yield and Potencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aquaponic and Hydroponic Solutions Modulate NaCl-Induced Stress in Drug-Type Cannabis sativa L.

2020

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The effects of salt-induced stress in drug-type Cannabis sativa L. (C. sativa), a crop with increasing global importance, are almost entirely unknown. In an indoor controlled factorial experiment involving a type-II chemovar (i.e., one which produces D 9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid~THCA and cannabidiolic acid~CBDA), the effects of increasing NaCl concentrations (1-40 mM) was tested in hydroponic and aquaponic solutions during the flowering stage. Growth parameters (height, canopy volume), plant physiology (chlorophyll content, leaf-gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and water use efficiency), and solution physicochemical properties (pH, EC, and nutrients) was measured throughout the experiment. Upon maturation of inflorescences, plants were harvested and yield (dry inflorescence biomass) and inflorescence potency (mass-based concentration of cannabinoids) was determined. It was found that cannabinoids decreased linearly with increasing NaCl concentration:-0.026 and-0.037% THCA•mM NaCl-1 for aquaponic and hydroponic solutions, respectively. The growth and physiological responses to NaCl in hydroponic-but not the aquaponic solutionbecame negatively affected at 40 mM. The mechanisms of aquaponic solution which allow this potential enhanced NaCl tolerance is worthy of future investigation. Commercial cultivation involving the use of hydroponic solution should carefully monitor NaCl concentrations, so that they do not exceed the phytotoxic concentration of 40 mM found here; and are aware that NaCl in excess of 5 mM may decrease yield and potency. Additional research investigating cultivar-and rootzone-specific responses to salt-induced stress is needed.

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Section: Nacl Decreases Yield and Potencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nacl Decreases Yield and Potencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nacl Decreases Yield and Potencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aquaponic and Hydroponic Solutions Modulate NaCl-Induced Stress in Drug-Type Cannabis sativa L.

2020

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“…Delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol is one of the cannabinoids synthesized in hemp . The cannabinoids are known as secondary metabolites synthesized in leaves and inflorescence to prevent plant from abiotic stress such as drought and ultraviolet radiation . Hemp sprouts, which did not have leaves and inflorescence, were produced with a continuous water‐change type mini‐sprouter under dark conditions in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of suitable seed sizes, segregation of ripe seeds, and improved germination rate for the commercial production of hemp sprouts (Cannabis sativa L.)

et al. 2020

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Background With a growing market for functional foods, the nutraceutical properties of hemp sprouts have been investigated in recent studies. However, commercial mass production methods have yet to be developed. This study aimed to identify seed sizes suitable for segregating ripe seeds, which would improve the low germination rate in the high seed densities used in commercial hemp sprout production. Results Seeds ranging in size from 2.80 to 3.3 mm, collected by sieving, were the most suitable for sprouting, based on the distribution rate (74.9%) and germination rate (70.0%) at a low seed density (0.016 grains mm−2). Seed segregation by sinking the seeds in 70% ethanol after 2 h or more of water infiltration generated high germination rates of 86.3% to 94.3% at low seed density, compared to a 64.0% germination rate in non‐segregated seeds. The hemp seed germination rate decreased geometrically with increasing sowing density. The germination rate with a high seed density (0.29 grains mm−2) was increased from 19.9% when seeds were not mixed with sand to 58.7% when mixed with sand in a 3:1 ratio. The sprouting yield significantly increased from 1.64 kg kg−1 when seeds were not mixed with sand to 9.55 kg kg−1 in seeds germinating when mixed with sand. Delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol was not detected in hemp sprout. Conclusion The production of hemp sprouts may be improved by identifying suitable seed sizes, segregating ripe seeds, and germinating seeds mixed with sand. This can be used in the commercial production of hemp sprouts. The sprouts were also found to be safe and without hallucinogenic effects. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…Among the cannabinoids, THC and CBD were most discussed for having their antioxidant properties 90 . Earlier increasing of THC, THCA, CBD, and CBDA were predicted as stress indicators along with some other secondary metabolites in hemp plant under controlled drought stress 89 . It was also reported that THCA induces necrotic cell death in Cannabis cells and leaves 91 .…”

Section: Effect Of Led Spectra On Antioxidant Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Cannabinoids accumulation in hemp (Cannabis sativa L) plants under LED light spectra and their discrete role as a stress marker

Islam

Azad

Ryu

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Hemp adaptability through physiological and biochemical changes was studied under 10 LED light spectra and natural light in a controlled aeroponic system. Light treatments were imposed on 25 days aged seedlings for 16 hours daily (300 µmol m-2s-1) for 20 days. Plant accumulated highest Cannabidiol (CBD) in R7:B2:G1 light treatment, with relatively higher photosynthetic rate and lower reactive oxygen species, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and antioxidant enzymatic activities. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) also accumulated higher in white, R8:B2, and R7:B2:G1 light with less evidence of stress modulated substances. These results indicated that CBD and THC have no or little relation with light-mediated abiotic stress in hemp plants. On the contrary, Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) was accumulated higher in R6:B2:G1:FR1 and R5:B2:W2:FR1 light treatment along with lower photosynthetic rate and higher reactive oxygen species, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and antioxidant enzymatic activities. However, Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) was accumulated higher in R6:B2:G1:FR1 light treatment with higher stress modulated substances and lower physiological traits. CBDA was also accumulated higher in R8:B2 and R7:B2:G1 light treatments with less evidence of stress modulated substances. Besides, Greenlight influenced in CBD and CBDA synthesis where FR and UV-A (along with green) play a positive and negative role in this process, respectively. These results indicate that the role of THCA as a stress marker is more decisive in hemp plant than other cannabinoids under attributed light-mediated stress.

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Increasing Inflorescence Dry Weight and Cannabinoid Content in Medical Cannabis Using Controlled Drought Stress

Cited by 74 publications

References 52 publications

Aquaponic and Hydroponic Solutions Modulate NaCl-Induced Stress in Drug-Type Cannabis sativa L.

Aquaponic and Hydroponic Solutions Modulate NaCl-Induced Stress in Drug-Type Cannabis sativa L.

Investigation of suitable seed sizes, segregation of ripe seeds, and improved germination rate for the commercial production of hemp sprouts (Cannabis sativa L.)

Cannabinoids accumulation in hemp (Cannabis sativa L) plants under LED light spectra and their discrete role as a stress marker

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