Increasing Nutrient Solution pH Alleviated Aluminum-Induced Inhibition of Growth and Impairment of Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain in<i> Citrus sinensis</i> Seedlings

Yang, Tao-Yu; Cai, Li-Ya; Qi, Yi-Ping; Yang, Lin-Tong; Lai, Ning-Wei; Chen, Li‐Song

doi:10.1155/2019/9058715

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…This is also supported by the previous reports that Mg-deficiency damage chloroplast ultrastructure in Citrus leaves [59,60]. Decreased F v /F o has been observed on Fe-, K-, and Ca-deficiency maize, bean [25], N-deficiency radish [49], B-stressed Citrus [19], P-starved tea [26], Mg-deficiency Citrus [12,43], Mn-toxicity Citrus [61], low pH-stressed Citrus [62,63], and Al-toxicity Citrus [31,53,64]. The decreased F v /F o in Mg-deficiency middle and lower leaves was due to both decreased F v and increased F o (Figure 6a,c,f).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium-Deficiency Effects on Pigments, Photosynthesis and Photosynthetic Electron Transport of Leaves, and Nutrients of Leaf Blades and Veins in Citrus sinensis Seedlings

Chen

Deng

et al. 2019

Plants

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Citrus sinensis seedlings were irrigated with nutrient solution at a concentration of 0 (Mg-deficiency) or 2 (Mg-sufficiency) mM Mg (NO3)2 for 16 weeks. Mg-deficiency-induced interveinal chlorosis, vein enlargement and corkiness, and alterations of gas exchange, pigments, chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP) transients and related parameters were observed in middle and lower leaves, especially in the latter, but not in upper leaves. Mg-deficiency might impair the whole photosynthetic electron transport, including structural damage to thylakoids, ungrouping of photosystem II (PSII), inactivation of oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) and reaction centers (RCs), increased reduction of primary quinone electron acceptor (QA) and plastoquinone pool at PSII acceptor side and oxidation of PSI end-electron acceptors, thus lowering energy transfer and absorption efficiency and the transfer of electrons to the dark reactions, hence, the rate of CO2 assimilation in Mg-deficiency middle and lower leaves. Although potassium, Mg, manganese and zinc concentration in blades displayed a significant and positive relationship with the corresponding element concentration in veins, respectively, great differences existed in Mg-deficiency-induced alterations of nutrient concentrations between leaf blades and veins. For example, Mg-deficiency increased boron level in the blades of upper leaves, decreased boron level in the blades of lower leaves, but did not affect boron level in the blades of middle leaves and veins of upper, middle and lower leaves. To conclude, Mg-deficiency-induced interveinal chlorosis, vein enlargement, and corkiness, and alterations to photosynthesis and related parameters increased with increasing leaf age. Mg-deficiency-induced enlargement and corkiness of veins were not caused by Mg-deficiency-induced boron-starvation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium-Deficiency Effects on Pigments, Photosynthesis and Photosynthetic Electron Transport of Leaves, and Nutrients of Leaf Blades and Veins in Citrus sinensis Seedlings

Chen

Deng

et al. 2019

Plants

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“…Plant culture and Cu treatments were carried out as described by Li et al [ 2 ] and Huang et al [ 50 ]. Briefly, ~13-week-old ‘Shatian’ pummelo ( Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) seedlings grown in 6 L pots (two plants pot −1 ) containing sand in a greenhouse with natural photoperiod at Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou (26°5′ N, 119°14′ E) with annual average sunshine hours, temperature and relative humidity of ~1600 h, 20 °C and 76%, respectively [ 84 ], were irrigated 6 times weekly for 6 months with freshly prepared nutrition solution at a Cu level of 0.5 or 400 μM from CuCl 2 until there was nutrient solution leaking out of the small hole at the bottom of the pot (~500 mL). The pH of the nutrient solutions was adjusted to 4.8 with HCl to prevent Cu precipitation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Responses of Citrus grandis Leaves to Copper Toxicity Revealed by RNA-Seq and Physiology

Huang

Peng

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Copper (Cu)-toxic effects on Citrus grandis growth and Cu uptake, as well as gene expression and physiological parameters in leaves were investigated. Using RNA-Seq, 715 upregulated and 573 downregulated genes were identified in leaves of C. grandis seedlings exposed to Cu-toxicity (LCGSEC). Cu-toxicity altered the expression of 52 genes related to cell wall metabolism, thus impairing cell wall metabolism and lowering leaf growth. Cu-toxicity downregulated the expression of photosynthetic electron transport-related genes, thus reducing CO2 assimilation. Some genes involved in thermal energy dissipation, photorespiration, reactive oxygen species scavenging and cell redox homeostasis and some antioxidants (reduced glutathione, phytochelatins, metallothioneins, l-tryptophan and total phenolics) were upregulated in LCGSEC, but they could not protect LCGSEC from oxidative damage. Several adaptive responses might occur in LCGSEC. LCGSEC displayed both enhanced capacities to maintain homeostasis of Cu via reducing Cu uptake by leaves and preventing release of vacuolar Cu into the cytoplasm, and to improve internal detoxification of Cu by accumulating Cu chelators (lignin, reduced glutathione, phytochelatins, metallothioneins, l-tryptophan and total phenolics). The capacities to maintain both energy homeostasis and Ca homeostasis might be upregulated in LCGSEC. Cu-toxicity increased abscisates (auxins) level, thus stimulating stomatal closure and lowering water loss (enhancing water use efficiency and photosynthesis).

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“…In China, acidic soils are observed in 15 provinces, comprising up to 21% of the arable lands [2]. Aluminum (Al)-toxicity and low pH (H + rhizotoxicity) are two main factors limiting crop yield and quality in acidic soils [3, 4]. Considerable research has been performed to clarify the mechanisms of Al-toxicity and -tolerance in plants [5–11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, limited data are available on the responses of plants to low pH [12–14]. Although some plants grow well in acidic soils with high level of active Al, the adaptive mechanisms of plants to low pH and Al-toxicity are not exactly the same [3, 15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low pH effects on reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal metabolisms in Citrus roots and leaves

Long

Huang

et al. 2019

BMC Plant Biol

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BackgroundLimited data are available on the responses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG) metabolisms to low pH in roots and leaves. In China, quite a few of Citrus are cultivated in acidic soils (pH < 5.0). ‘Xuegan’ (Citrus sinensis) and ‘Sour pummelo’ (Citrus grandis) (C. sinensis were more tolerant to low pH than C. grandis) seedlings were irrigated daily with nutrient solution at a pH of 2.5, 3 or 5 for nine months. Thereafter, we examined low pH effects on growth, and superoxide anion production rate (SAP), malondialdehyde (MDA), MG, antioxidants, and enzymes related to ROS and MG detoxification in roots and leaves in order to (a) test the hypothesis that low pH affected ROS and MG metabolisms more in roots than those of leaves, and (b) understand the roles of ROS and MG metabolisms in Citrus low pH-tolerance and -toxicity.ResultsCompared with control, most of the physiological parameters related to ROS and MG metabolisms were greatly altered at pH 2.5, but almost unaffected at pH 3. In addition to decreased root growth, many fibrous roots became rotten and died at pH 2.5. pH 2.5-induced changes in SAP, the levels of MDA, MG and antioxidants, and the activities of most enzymes related to ROS and MG metabolisms were greater in roots than those of leaves. Impairment of root ascorbate metabolism was the most serious, especially in C. grandis roots. pH 2.5-induced increases in MDA and MG levels in roots and leaves, decreases in the ratios of ascorbate/(ascorbate+dehydroascorbate) in roots and leaves and of reduced glutathione/(reduced+oxidized glutathione) in roots were greater in C. grandis than those in C. sinensis.ConclusionsLow pH affected MG and ROS metabolisms more in roots than those in leaves. The most seriously impaired ascorbate metabolism in roots was suggested to play a role in low pH-induced root death and growth inhibition. Low pH-treated C. sinensis roots and leaves had higher capacity to maintain a balance between ROS and MG production and their removal via detoxification systems than low pH-treated C. grandis ones, thus contribute to the higher acid-tolerance of C. sinensis.

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Increasing Nutrient Solution pH Alleviated Aluminum-Induced Inhibition of Growth and Impairment of Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain in Citrus sinensis Seedlings

Cited by 29 publications

References 43 publications

Magnesium-Deficiency Effects on Pigments, Photosynthesis and Photosynthetic Electron Transport of Leaves, and Nutrients of Leaf Blades and Veins in Citrus sinensis Seedlings

Magnesium-Deficiency Effects on Pigments, Photosynthesis and Photosynthetic Electron Transport of Leaves, and Nutrients of Leaf Blades and Veins in Citrus sinensis Seedlings

Adaptive Responses of Citrus grandis Leaves to Copper Toxicity Revealed by RNA-Seq and Physiology

Low pH effects on reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal metabolisms in Citrus roots and leaves

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