Increasing product quality of torrefied palm kernel shell batch model with internal surface area modification

Karelius, Karelius; Dirgantara, Made; Rumbang, Nyahu; Kristian, Novi; Purwanto, Ferry Adi

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/980/1/012061

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Volatile levels were correlated with fixed carbon levels [14]. As a result, the solid product's gross calorific value increased [15].…”

Section: Proximate Analysis Of Torrefied Pksmentioning

confidence: 97%

Influence of Temperature and Blending Ratio on Product Yield for Co-gasification of Torrefied Palm Kernel Shell and Low-Density Polyethylene

Ibrahim,

Ahmad,

Ishak

2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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This study investigates the product yields produced from the co-gasification of torrefied palm kernel shell (TPKS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Prior co-gasification, PKS was undergo pre-treatment process at different temperature. The optimum parameter for torrefaction was found at 250 °C for 60 min reaction time with 4.89 wt. % moisture content and 10.48 wt.% fixed carbon. Thus, the result indicated that TPKS a suitable fuel feedstock for futher thermal conversion. Then, TPKS and LDPE were gasified at temperature of 600, 800 and 1000 °C and blending ratio of 10:90, 50:50, 90:10 (TPKS:LDPE) for 60 min reaction time. Based on the findings found that, temperature plays an important role in co-gasification. Higher gasification temperature increases the carbon conversion which improves gasification rate. By varying temperature from 600 to 1000 °C, the gas yield increased whilst tar yield decreased sharply. For the effect of blending ratio, through blending of TPKS and LDPE, the gas and char yield increase, while tar decrease with increase torrefied TPKS ratio. Furthermore, it was observed that the product yields obtained from the co-gasification of TPKS and LDPE at 50:50 blending ratios produce the highest gas yield with low char and tar yield than another blending ratio. Therefore, based on the effect of temperature and blending ratio on product yield shows that the optimum parameter to produce maximum gas yield with minimum tar and char yield are at 50:50 (TPKS:LDPE) blending ratio at 800 °C for 60 minutes reaction time.

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“…Volatile levels were correlated with fixed carbon levels [14]. As a result, the solid product's gross calorific value increased [15].…”

Section: Proximate Analysis Of Torrefied Pksmentioning

confidence: 97%

Influence of Temperature and Blending Ratio on Product Yield for Co-gasification of Torrefied Palm Kernel Shell and Low-Density Polyethylene

Ibrahim,

Ahmad,

Ishak

2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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“…The response of the biogas was influenced significantly by both independent variables which are the mass of the palm kernel shell and the process temperature. [26] stated that the increase in the mass of biogas was caused by a linear increase in the mass of the palm kernel shell and the process time and vice versa. The response on the biogas is presented in a model graph in Figure 4 for the graphic surface optimization.…”

Section: Mass Of Biogasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of the Product Yields of the Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell in a Fixed-Bed Reactor Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

O. O.,

A. O.,

T. I.

et al. 2024

IRJIET

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Pyrolysis is a method used for the thermochemical conversion of biomass and agro wastes into three major by-products namely, biochar, bio-oil, and biogas in the absence of oxygen. Global waste generation is increasing at an alarming rate. Palm kernel shell (PKS) is among the palm wastes accumulating in many palm oil mills around the globe with the attendant problems in waste management. The utilization of coal for energy generation is more expensive and not environmentally friendly. Bio-oil refineries and industries require the utilization of minimum resources (input) to achieve optimal response (output) in the production process. However, more than 30% of the energy content derivation from the pyrolysis process is wasted due to nonoptimization of the process parameters. This study investigated the optimization of the product yields of the pyrolysis of PKS in a fixed-bed batch reactor using response surface methodology (RSM). Masses of 1 kg, 2 kg, and 3 kg were pyrolyzed in batches at process temperature variations of 200 OC, 300 OC, 400 OC, and 500 OC. Design Expert 12 software (Version 12.0.3.0 Stat-Ease Inc. MN, USA) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used for the statistical analysis. Lack-of-fit, adjusted, and predicted multiple correlation coefficients and coefficient of variation of the different polynomial models were compared to select the best-fitting polynomial model. The optimal feedstock parameters were 2.66 kg of PKS and 410.0 OC process temperature. The predicted results were 0.986 kg of biochar, 1.205 kg of bio-oil, 0.481 kg of biogas, 1116.5 cm3 of bio-oil, and 140.6 minutes. The experimental results were 0.894 kg of biochar, 1.316 kg of bio-oil, 0.498 kg of biogas, 1208.9 cm3 of bio-oil, and at 162.8 minutes through validation. The validated quadratic model was suitable for the optimization and RSM is a numerical, statistical, and mathematical tool for modeling and optimization of the pyrolysis process in a fixed-bed batch reactor.

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Increasing product quality of torrefied palm kernel shell batch model with internal surface area modification

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

Influence of Temperature and Blending Ratio on Product Yield for Co-gasification of Torrefied Palm Kernel Shell and Low-Density Polyethylene

Influence of Temperature and Blending Ratio on Product Yield for Co-gasification of Torrefied Palm Kernel Shell and Low-Density Polyethylene

Optimization of the Product Yields of the Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shell in a Fixed-Bed Reactor Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

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