Increasing thermal rating by risk analysis

Risk based voltage security assessment

“…The detailed description of composite risk will be given in another paper. The reader can refer to [14]- [17] for the risk analysis of thermal overload and transient instability.…”

“…Under the exposure to the uncertain load level and contingencies, the expected impact of voltage out-of-limits, when voltage does not collapse, is, No Collapse (14) which lumps all the possible contingencies 8 and the load drifting. The probability of a load level, , and a contingency, , are given by the expression (3) and (2).…”

Impact of thermal uprating and emergency loading of OHL networks on interconnection flexibility

“…There are several methods with which increased power rating through "hot wiring" can be achieved, such as reevaluating the OHL design for conservatively rated lines or advancing the thermal rating method used to perform the initial calculations. Therefore, implementing different rating models, such as seasonal line rating (SeLR), probabilistic line rating (PLR) or time varying line rating (TVLR) [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] can result in increasing the power transfer capabilities of the same OHL with no additional cost. When PLR OHL modeling is implemented to increase power delivery of the same OHL, then an increased risk of overheating the conductor is considered in the design.…”

“…This is considered in the design and depends on the utility's risk acceptance level which determines the expected improvement of the PLR [12]. Further utilization of the OHLs could be achieved by increasing the loading of the lines prior to any contingencies by implementing short-time line ratings and other emergency corrective network actions during post fault operation [15][16][17].…”

Adaptive wide area protection of power systems

“…This in turn will aid in assessing system vulnerability as quickly as possible. At the same time, improvements of power system equipment lead to an increase in operation limits (Wan, McCalley, & Vittal, 1999;Lachs, 2001). Increased transmission and generation capacity enables more flexibility in protection design and settings.…”