Independent Association of Phase Angle with Fasting Blood Glucose and Hemoglobin A1c in Korean Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Abstract

The relationship between phase angle (PhA) of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and glycemic parameters in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients has not been well studied. To evaluate the prognostic value of the PhA from BIA as a glycemic marker, we investigated the relationship of PhA with various variables such as age, body mass index (BMI), and glycemic parameters in Korean patients with type 2 DM (T2DM). We evaluated the anthropometric data, body composition, glycemic parameters, and PhA of 321 T2DM patients aged 30-83 years. The patients were classified by sex into men (n = 133) and women (n = 188). General linear models identified the independent effects of PhA after covarying for age, sex and BMI. The PhA, body cell mass (BCM), extracellular mass (ECM), lean body mass, intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), total body water (TBW), fasting blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of T2DM Korean patients were significantly higher in men than in women. However, fat mass, ECM/BCM, ECW/ICW, ECW/TBW, and serum insulin were significantly higher in women than in men. Statistically significant independent associations were observed between PhA and age, BCM, ECM, ECM/BCM, ICW, ECW, ECW/ICW, and ECW/TBW for both sexes. There was no significant association between PhA and BMI the patients. Glycemic parameters, such as HbA1c and fasting blood glucose were independently associated with PhA. These results suggest that PhA could be an indicator for assessing ability to control fasting blood glucose in T2DM patients in Korea.

Phase Angle Association with Dietary Habits and Metabolic Syndrome in Diabetic Hypertensive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…In contrast, Dittmar et al reported that PhA has an inverse correlation with glycemic control [ 11 ]. The recent study on Korean T2DM patients also indicated that HbA1c and FBG were independently associated with PhA [ 18 ]. The differences in the results can be explained by the increased proportion of adipose tissue in participants with a higher PhA, which leads to worsening in a glycemic regulation due to an increased insulin resistance.…”

“…In addition, Dittmar et al have shown that PhA is inversely correlated with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in diabetic patients, being a marker of poor disease control [ 11 ]. Additionally, PhA reflected cell function and body cell mass (BCM) in T2DM patients [ 18 ]. As previous studies have shown diet is an indispensable component of therapy in the management of chronic diseases such as MetS and T2DM, but data on the relationship between diet and PhA in diabetic hypertensives are lacking.…”

Association between lower phase angle and chronic kidney disease progression in type 2 diabetes patients

“…The impedance comprises resistance (which describes the opposition to alternating electric current of body fluids and reflects hydration of tissue), and reactance (which describes the opposition to alternating electric current of cell membrane and is produced by capacitance of the cell membrane). [12][13][14] Reactance leads to a lag of the current behind the voltage, thus resulting in a phase shift expressed geometrically as PhA. 14 PhA is the angular transformation of the reactance to resistance ratio, and reflects cellular health with higher levels indicative of healthier cell membrane.…”

Matching Body Composition Confirms Decreased Phase Angle among Diabetics Compared to Controls

“…Another study suggests that PhA could be an indicator for assessing the ability to control fasting blood glucose in T2DM patients in Korea as Statistically significant independent associations were observed between PhA with fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in T2DM. 11 Another study underlines that Phase angle values at 50 kHz decreased in people with diabetes and the changes were exacerbated as the disease duration increased. Thus, bioimpedance PhA values represent a noninvasive tool for monitoring the progression of diabetes mellitus.…”