“…InadditiontothetraditionaldatabasesandXMLmodel,somenewmodelshavebeenproposedin theeraofBigDataandartificialintelligence(AI).TheResourceDescriptionFramework(RDF) recommendedbyW3Cisaspecificationforthesemanticdescriptionofstandardizedmetadata,which hasincreasingusageinawiderangeofdata-managementscenarios (Ma,Capretz,&Yan,2016). Efficientandscalablemanagementoflarge-scaleRDFdataisofcrucialimportance (Ma,Lin,Yan,& Zhao,2018;Song,Oh,Seo,&Lee,2019).Inordertosemanticallyrepresentanddealwithtemporal datawiththeRDFmodel,thetemporalRDFmodelwasoriginallyintroducedin (Gutiérrez,Hurtado, &Vaisman,2007).Sincethen,therearesomeproposalsextendingRDFforhandlingtemporaldata, whichareclassifiedaccordingtotheusedreification(i.e.,explicitreificationorimplicitreification) in (Wang&Tansel,2019).ToeffectivelyquerymassivetemporalRDFdata, Yan,Zhao,&Ma(2019) proposedanindexapproachfortemporalRDFgraphs.Theybuilttheprefixpathindexforquerying subjectsoftemporalRDFtriplesandthesuffixindexforqueryingobjectsoftemporalRDFtriples, respectively.Moreimportantly,sincetheRDFmodelcanbetheinfrastructureofknowledgegraphs, somerecenteffortsaredirectedatinvestigatingtemporalknowledgegraphssuchas (Huang,2020;Zhu,Chen,Fan,Cheng,&Zhang,2021;Debrouvier,Parodi,Perazzo,Soliani,&Vaisman,2021).…”