India's baseline plan for nuclear energy self-sufficiency.

Bucher, R .G.

doi:10.2172/982345

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Health hazards are most striking for the sandmining industry in the south Indian region, for the alternative nuclear fuel, thorium, that is mined and milled in the region and sent to other nuclear installations in the country (see Padmanabhan 1986, 1987Busher 2009. The plentiful supplies of thorium derive from monazite on India's south-western beaches along Kerala and Kanyakumari District.…”

Section: Silent and Encroachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear necropower: The engineering of death conditions around a nuclear power plant in south India

Kaur

2021

Political Geography

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Section: Silent and Encroachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclear necropower: The engineering of death conditions around a nuclear power plant in south India

Kaur

2021

Political Geography

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“…Thorium memiliki dua bentuk, berubah pada suhu 1400 o C dari bentuk kristal kubus, menjadi kristal kubus berpusat badan. Thorium oksida memiliki titik cair pada suhu 3300 o C yang merupakan titik cair oksida tertinggi [3,4] .…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

“…Salah satu teknik pemisahan yang sering dipakai adalah ekstraksi pelarut atau ekstraksi cair-cair [4] . Teknik pemisahan ini sangat sederhana, cepat, mempunyai ruang lingkup yang luas, dapat dipakai untuk memisahkan logam-logam dari kadar yang rendah sampai kadar tinggi.…”

Section: Teoriunclassified

Pengaruh Tri-n-Oktil Posfin Oksida dan Tingkat Ekstraksi pada Pemurnian Konsentrat Thorium

Purwani

Setyadji

2015

EKSPLORIUM

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Telah dilakukan ekstraksi konsentrat thorium oksalat hasil olah monasit memakai ekstraktan Tri – n - Oktil Posfin Oksida (TOPO). Pengotor yang paling banyak terkandung dalam konsentrat thorium oksalat adalah cerium (Ce) dan lantanum (La). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memurnikan thorium (Th) dengan memisahkan Ce dan La dengan cara ekstraksi. Ekstraksi dilakukan secara batch dan bertingkat. Larutan umpan atau fase air adalah 10 gram konsentrat Th oksalat yang dilarutkan dalam 10,08 M HNO3 sehingga volume menjadi 100 mL dan fase organik adalah TOPO dalam kerosen. Stripping setiap tingkat ekstraksi dilakukan tiga kali, yaitu stripping pertama memakai air, stripping kedua memakai asam oksalat 5%, dan stripping ketiga memakai air. Waktu ekstraksi setiap tingkat 15 menit dan waktu stripping setiap tingkat 5 menit dengan perbandingan fase air dengan fase organik adalah 1 berbanding 1. Parameter yang diteliti adalah persentase TOPO dalam kerosen dan jumlah tingkat ekstraksi. Pemakaian TOPO dalam kerosen yang optimum 5% dan jumah tingkat ekstraksi 3. Pada ekstraksi I diperoleh konsentrat Ce dan pada tingkat ekstraksi II dan III diperoleh Th. Efisiensi ekstraksi Th tingkat II sebesar 39,76% dan efisiensi ekstraksi Th tingkat III 26,33%. Koefisien distribusi (Kd) Th tingkat ekstraksi II adalah 0,7587 dan Kd Th tingkat ekstraksi III 1,0096. Efisiensi ekstraksi Th total adalah 80,08 %, efisiensi ekstraksi Ce total 56,12%, efisiensi ekstraksi La total 1,54. Faktor pisah (FP) Th – Ce pada ekstraksi I adalah 1,00, FP Th – La pada ekstraksi I 92,07, FP Th – Ce pada ekstraksi II adalah 250,24 dan FP Th – La pada ekstraksi II adalah ∞, FP Th – Ce pada ekstraksi III 124,22 dan FP Th – La pada ekstraksi III adalah ∞. Faktor pisah total Th – Ce sebesar 1,4270 dan Faktor pisah total Th – La 47,0459. Kadar Th oksalat pada ekstraksi II sebesar 97,06%, kadar Th oksalat pada ekstraksi III 98,00 %. The extraction of thorium oxalate concentrate as processing product of monazite using Tri Octyl Posfine Oxide (TOPO) has been done. The most impurities contained in thorium oxalate concentrate are Ce (cerium) and La (lanthanum). The purpose of this study is to purify Th by separating Ce and La using extraction process. The extraction is done by bacth and multistage. The solution of feed or water phase is 10 grams of Th oxalate concentrate dissolved in 10.08 M HNO3 so that the volume becomes 100 mL and the organic phase is TOPO in kerosene. Stripping in each stage conducted three times, first stripping use water, second stripping use 5 % oxalic acid and the third stripping use water. Extraction time at every stage is 15 minutes and stripping time at every stage is 5 minutes with ratio of aqueous phase to organic phase = 1 : 1 . The parameters were studied % TOPO - kerosene and number of extraction stage. The optimum usage of TOPO in kerosene is 5 %. On extraction I obtained Ce concentrate and on extraction II and III obtained Th concentrates. The extraction II efficiency of Th is 39.76 % and extraction III efficiency of Th is 26.33 % . Coefficient of distribution (Kd) of Th in stage II is 0.7587 and Kd of Th in stage III is 1.0096. Total extraction efficiency of Th is 80.08 %, total extraction efficiency of Ce is 56.12 %, and total extraction efficiency of La is 1.54 %. The separation factor of Th – Ce in extraction I is 1.00 and separation factor of Th – La in extraction I is 92.0, separation factor of Th – Ce in extraction II is 250.24, and separation factor of Th – La in extraction II is ∞. Separation factor of Th – Ce in extraction III is 124.22 and separation factor of Th – La in extraction III is ∞. Total separation factor of Th – Ce is 1.4270 and total separation factor of Th – La is 4.0459. The content of Th oxalate in stripping product from the extraction II is 97.06 % and in stripping product from the extraction III is 98.00%.

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Nuclear Fuel Reserves

Peel

2021

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Nuclear fuel is not a renewable resource, and reserves of uranium and other fuel materials must be carefully stewarded to ensure the long‐term operability of nuclear energy systems. This article discusses the geological and geographical distribution of uranium resources globally, including unconventional sources such as uranium dissolved in seawater and surplus military nuclear materials. The growth of production capacity, supply, and demand relationships are presented under different scenarios. Secondary sources of uranium fuel, as well as nuclear fuel cycle options that can increase the quantity of nuclear fuel producible from a given starting quantity of natural uranium, such as the use of mixed‐oxide fuels and underfeeding of enrichment plants, are introduced. The article also includes a discussion of breeder reactors, which can be fueled with a much broader range of nuclear fuel types than currently used reactor technologies, greatly increasing the proportion of natural uranium which can be used within nuclear power reactors. Finally, thorium is introduced as an alternative nuclear fuel to uranium, which is more abundant than uranium but brings unique technical challenges. At the start of 2017, globally there were estimated to be approximately 6,142,000 tonnes of identified uranium resources recoverable at a cost of less than $130 per kg of uranium. This should be sufficient to meet the needs of a projected nuclear reactor fleet for several decades, even under high growth scenarios for nuclear energy. As such, there is currently little commercial drive toward the use of alternative nuclear fuel types.

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India's baseline plan for nuclear energy self-sufficiency.

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Nuclear necropower: The engineering of death conditions around a nuclear power plant in south India

Nuclear necropower: The engineering of death conditions around a nuclear power plant in south India

Pengaruh Tri-n-Oktil Posfin Oksida dan Tingkat Ekstraksi pada Pemurnian Konsentrat Thorium

Nuclear Fuel Reserves

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