Indications for the use of highest priority critically important antimicrobials in the veterinary sector

Guardabassi, Luca; Christensen, Jens Peter; Olsen, John Elmerdahl; Weese, J. Scott; Ragione, Roberto M. La; Lhermie, Guillaume

doi:10.1093/jac/dkaa104

Cited by 31 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In addition, ammonia levels above 25 ppm reduced the colonization of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and increased the number of Moraxella and Streptococcus species in the nasal cavities of exposed pigs [26]. Antimicrobial exposure is another key environmental factor that can affect the development of URT microbiome at early stages of life, especially because antimicrobials are widely used for control of post-weaning diarrhoea [28]. Antimicrobial treatment perturbs the URT microbiome homeostasis regardless of the drug used (tylosin, ceftiofur, tulathromycin, oxytetracycline or penicillin) and the administration route (in-feed, parenteral or intramuscular) [29,30].…”

Section: Initial Colonization and Development Of The Respiratory Tracmentioning

confidence: 99%

The porcine respiratory microbiome: recent insights and future challenges

et al. 2021

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Understanding the structure of the respiratory microbiome and its complex interactions with opportunistic pathogenic bacteria has become a topic of great scientific and economic interest in livestock production, given the severe consequences of respiratory disease on animal health and welfare. The present review focuses on the microbial structures of the porcine upper and lower airways, and the factors that influence microbiome development and onset of respiratory disease. Following a literature search on PubMed and Scopus, 21 articles were selected based on defined exclusion criteria (20 studies performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and one by shotgun metagenomics). Analysis of the selected literature indicated that the microbial structure of the upper respiratory tract undergoes a remarkable evolution after birth and tends to stabilise around weaning. Antimicrobial treatment, gaseous ammonia concentration, diet and floor type are amongst the recognized environmental factors influencing microbiome structure. The predominant phyla of the upper respiratory tract are Proteobacteria and Firmicutes with significant differences at the genus level between the nasal and the oropharyngeal cavity. Only five studies investigated the lower respiratory tract and their results diverged in relation to the relative abundance of these two phyla and even more in the composition of the lung microbiome at the genus level, likely because of methodological differences. Reduced diversity and imbalanced microbial composition are associated with an increased risk of respiratory disease. However, most studies presented methodological pitfalls concerning specimen collection, sequencing target and depth, and lack of quality control. Standardization of sampling and sequencing procedures would contribute to a better understanding of the structure of the microbiota inhabiting the lower respiratory tract and its relationship with pig health and disease.

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Section: Initial Colonization and Development Of The Respiratory Tracmentioning

confidence: 99%

The porcine respiratory microbiome: recent insights and future challenges

et al. 2021

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“…Many studies have demonstrated a close association between antibiotic use in food animal production and AMR in humans (Montoro-Dasi et al, 2020). Antimicrobial misuse in livestock is considered a threat to the clinical utility of antibiotics in both animals and humans (Vanderhaeghen & Dewulf, 2017); consequently, there has been a drive to avoid the use of highest priority clinically important antimicrobials (HP-CIAs) in food production animals to preserve their clinical efficacy (Lhermie et al, 2020). Unfortunately, in many disease conditions, adequate alternatives to HP-CIAs are lacking (Lhermie et al, 2020).…”

Section: Wgs Can Improve Surveillance Of Amr and Aid The Characterization Of Gene Transmission Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) pathotype is comprised of multiple distinct, independent genotypes

2021

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Avian Pathogenic E. coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis, resulting in economic losses to the poultry industry through morbidity, mortality and carcass condemnation, and impacts the welfare of poultry. Colibacillosis remains a complex disease to manage, hampered by diagnostic and classification strategies for E. coli that are inadequate for defining APEC. However, increased accessibility of whole genome sequencing (WGS) technology has enabled phylogenetic approaches to be applied to the classification of E. coli and genomic characterization of the most common APEC serotypes associated with colibacillosis O1, O2 and O78. These approaches have demonstrated that the O78 serotype is representative of two distinct APEC lineages, ST-23 in phylogroup C and ST-117 in phylogroup G. The O1 and O2 serotypes belong to a third lineage comprised of three sub-populations in phylogroup B2; ST-95, ST-140 and ST-428/ST-429. The frequency with which these genotypes are associated with colibacillosis implicates them as the predominant APEC populations and distinct from those causing incidental or opportunistic infections. The fact that these are disparate clusters from multiple phylogroups suggests that these lineages may have become adapted to the poultry niche independently. WGS studies have highlighted the limitations of traditional APEC classification and can now provide a path towards a robust and more meaningful definition of the APEC pathotype. Future studies should focus on characterizing individual APEC populations in detail and using this information to develop improved diagnostics and interventions.

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“…Antimicrobial classes categorized as Veterinary Critically Important Antimicrobials can thus be the only available treatment option for specific severe infectious diseases in certain animal species [ 6 ]. Common indications for the use of CIAs of Highest Priority, for which sufficient treatment alternatives can be lacking in some instances, are enteric and respiratory infections in pigs, cattle and poultry, urogenital infections in cats and dogs and respiratory infections in horses [ 75 ]. However, even in such cases a potential for a reduction of antimicrobial use is seen by taking preventive measures, for instance vaccination and improvement of housing conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eight years of sales surveillance of antimicrobials for veterinary use in Germany—What are the perceptions?

et al. 2020

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A surveillance system for sales volumes of antimicrobial agents for veterinary use was established in Germany in 2011. Since then, pharmaceutical companies and wholesalers have been legally obliged to report annual volumes of veterinary antimicrobial products sold to veterinary practices or clinics located in Germany. The evaluation of sales volumes for eight consecutive years resulted in a considerable total decrease by 58% from 1706 tons to 722 tons. During the investigation period, two legally binding measures to control the risk of antimicrobial resistance resulting from the veterinary use of antimicrobials were introduced, a) the German treatment frequencies benchmarking in 2014 and b) the obligation to conduct susceptibility testing for the use of cephalosporins of the 3 rd and 4 th generation and of fluoroquinolones in 2018. Both had a marked impact on sales volumes. Nonetheless, the category of Critically Important Antimicrobials as defined by the World Health Organization kept accounting for the highest share on sales volumes in Germany in 2018 with 403 tons, despite an overall reduction by 53%. Sales surveillance is considered essential for data retrieval on a global scale and inter-country comparison. However, the usability of a surveillance system based on sales data for risk management of antimicrobial resistance has limitations. The German system does not include off-label use of antimicrobial products authorized for human medicine and does not allow for identification of areas of high risk according to animal species, farm and production types and indications for treatment. For further reduction and enhanced promotion of a prudent use of antimicrobials, targeted measures would be required that could only be deducted from use data collected at farm or veterinary practice level. A surveillance system based on use data is currently lacking in Germany but will be established according to Regulation (EU) 2019/6 on veterinary medicinal products.

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Indications for the use of highest priority critically important antimicrobials in the veterinary sector

Cited by 31 publications

References 57 publications

The porcine respiratory microbiome: recent insights and future challenges

The porcine respiratory microbiome: recent insights and future challenges

The Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) pathotype is comprised of multiple distinct, independent genotypes

Eight years of sales surveillance of antimicrobials for veterinary use in Germany—What are the perceptions?

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