“…The other tradition adopts the complexity perspective of social systems but identifies the complex nature of such systems as arising from incomplete information (Foley, 1994, 1996; Scharfenaker and dos Santos, 2015; Scharfenaker and Foley, 2017; Scharfenaker and Semieniuk, 2017; Yang, 2018a, 2018b; dos Santos and Scharfenaker, 2019; dos Santos and Wiener, 2019; dos Santos, 2020; Scharfenaker and Yang, 2020). This approach originates in the ideas of physicist Edwin T. Jaynes (Jaynes, 1957), who identified the generality of Claude Shannon's' (Shannon, 1948) work in information theory as a justification for the study of statistical mechanics 3 .…”