Indirect Effects of Esfenvalerate (Insecticide) on the Density of Periphytic Algae in Artificial Ponds

Schroll, Henning; Pedersen, Carsten L.; Jespersen, Per Homann

doi:10.1007/s001289900697

“…Several pond studies have been conducted with esfenvalerate [5,17,18] and with fenvalerate [19], but comparison of results from such studies with those from enclosure studies, such as the ones described here, should be done with caution, because the bioavailability of esfenvalerate is expected to be lower in pond studies than in enclosure studies due to the presence of more surfaces and organic material (e.g., macrophytes) in ponds than in enclosures. However, the general trend of results from the enclosure studies is in accordance with other findings from pond studies using pyrethroid insecticides, in which eutrophication phenomena such as an increased abundance of algae were observed after treatment [4,18–20]. Furthermore, this points to the problem of interactions of nutrients and toxicants in aquatic foodwebs, which several authors have raised [21,22].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Fate and effects of esfenvalerate in agricultural ponds

Samsøe-Petersen

¹

,

Gustavson

²

,

Madsen

³

et al. 2001

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The fate of esfenvalerate was investigated by sampling and chemical analysis after spraying of an artificial pond (25 g a.i./ha) and in the laboratory with [14C]esfenvalerate by trapping of 14CO2 and fractionation of the sediment. The effects were investigated on pelagic communities in enclosures in a natural lake and in the laboratory on surface (Cymatia coleoptrata) and sediment (Chironomus riparius) insects. The latter were used in sediment-plus-water and in water-only tests, measuring effects on emergence and mortality. The measurements in the artificial pond indicated exposure concentrations in the surface microlayer, water column, and sediment of 0.4 microgram/L, 0.05 microgram/L, and 9 micrograms/kg dry weight, respectively, two weeks after application. The degradation studies showed a limited mineralization (26.5%) of [chorophenyl-14C]esfenvalerate during 112 d. Part of the substance was transformed to water-soluble compounds (18.1%) or compounds attached to fulvic acids (26.2%), humic acids (14.2%), or nonextractable sediment constituents (8.8%). The formulated product Sumi-Alpha 5 FW caused 100% mortality to Cymatia coleoptrata after surface application of 0.13 g a.i/ha. Effects on zooplankton were recorded at 0.005 microgram/L of esfenvalerate. The 96-h median lethal concentration for first-instar larvae of Chironomus riparius was 0.13 microgram/L, whereas the delayed emergence lowest-observed-effect concentration was 0.8 microgram/L.

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“…Impacts of insecticides on aquatic communities are usually due to direct effects on zooplankton crustaceans [ 127 , 128 , 129 ] and insect larvae [ 130 , 131 ], all of which are very susceptible to neurotoxic chemicals. However, the reduction in grazer arthropods indirectly boost the growth of producers such as algae and periphyton [ 132 , 133 , 134 ], and also allows tolerant herbivore species of copepods, worms and molluscs to thrive [ 135 , 136 ]. Moreover, direct reductions in predatory insects such as water bugs and dragonfly nymphs typically lead to increases in the abundance of their prey, i.e., tadpoles and snails that benefit from this indirect effect [ 11 ].…”

Section: Aquatic Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods

Sánchez‐Bayo

¹

2021

Toxics

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Pesticides released to the environment can indirectly affect target and non-target species in ways that are often contrary to their intended use. Such indirect effects are mediated through direct impacts on other species or the physical environment and depend on ecological mechanisms and species interactions. Typical mechanisms are the release of herbivores from predation and release from competition among species with similar niches. Application of insecticides to agriculture often results in subsequent pest outbreaks due to the elimination of natural enemies. The loss of floristic diversity and food resources that result from herbicide applications can reduce populations of pollinators and natural enemies of crop pests. In aquatic ecosystems, insecticides and fungicides often induce algae blooms as the chemicals reduce grazing by zooplankton and benthic herbivores. Increases in periphyton biomass typically result in the replacement of arthropods with more tolerant species such as snails, worms and tadpoles. Fungicides and systemic insecticides also reduce nutrient recycling by impairing the ability of detritivorous arthropods. Residues of herbicides can reduce the biomass of macrophytes in ponds and wetlands, indirectly affecting the protection and breeding of predatory insects in that environment. The direct impacts of pesticides in the environment are therefore either amplified or compensated by their indirect effects.

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Fate and Effects of Esfenvalerate in Agricultural Ponds

Samsøe-Petersen

¹

,

Gustavson

²

,

Madsen

³

et al. 2001

Environ Toxicol Chem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The fate of esfenvalerate was investigated by sampling and chemical analysis after spraying of an artificial pond (25 g a.i./ha) and in the laboratory with [14C]esfenvalerate by trapping of 14CO2 and fractionation of the sediment. The effects were investigated on pelagic communities in enclosures in a natural lake and in the laboratory on surface (Cymatia coleoptrata) and sediment (Chironomus riparius) insects. The latter were used in sediment-plus-water and in water-only tests, measuring effects on emergence and mortality. The measurements in the artificial pond indicated exposure concentrations in the surface microlayer, water column, and sediment of 0.4 microgram/L, 0.05 microgram/L, and 9 micrograms/kg dry weight, respectively, two weeks after application. The degradation studies showed a limited mineralization (26.5%) of [chorophenyl-14C]esfenvalerate during 112 d. Part of the substance was transformed to water-soluble compounds (18.1%) or compounds attached to fulvic acids (26.2%), humic acids (14.2%), or nonextractable sediment constituents (8.8%). The formulated product Sumi-Alpha 5 FW caused 100% mortality to Cymatia coleoptrata after surface application of 0.13 g a.i/ha. Effects on zooplankton were recorded at 0.005 microgram/L of esfenvalerate. The 96-h median lethal concentration for first-instar larvae of Chironomus riparius was 0.13 microgram/L, whereas the delayed emergence lowest-observed-effect concentration was 0.8 microgram/L.

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Indirect Effects of Esfenvalerate (Insecticide) on the Density of Periphytic Algae in Artificial Ponds

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Fate and effects of esfenvalerate in agricultural ponds

Fate and effects of esfenvalerate in agricultural ponds

Indirect Effect of Pesticides on Insects and Other Arthropods

Fate and Effects of Esfenvalerate in Agricultural Ponds

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