Individual-based modeling as a decision tool for the conservation of the endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in southern Chile

López-Alfaro, Claudia; Estades, Cristián F.; Aldridge, Dennis; Gill, Robin

doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.06.032

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Furthermore, dog attack was an important cause of death in BBD. Feral dog attack is considered one of the main causes of deer species admission to rescue and rehabilitation centers in Chile [ 58 ], and it is an important threat in the Chilean huemul ( Hippocamelus bisulcus ) [ 59 ] and Pudu ( Pudu spp.) [ 60 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective pathology study of two Neotropical deer species (1995-2015), Brazil: Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) and brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)

et al. 2018

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This retrospective study describes the biological and epidemiological aspects, gross and microscopical findings, and most likely causes of death (CD) in two species of Neotropical deer in Brazil. The animals were collected between 1995 and 2015 and represented 75 marsh deer (MD) and 136 brown brocket deer (BBD). Summarized, pneumonia was diagnosed microscopically in 48 MD and 52 BBD; 76 deer suffered trauma, involving dog attack (14 BBD) and vehicle-collision (14 BBD). Pulmonary edema (50 MD; 55 BBD) and congestion (57 MD; 78 BBD) were the most common findings for both species. Additionally, we diagnosed ruminal and myocardial mycosis in MD and BBD, respectively; ovarian dysgerminoma and pancreatic trematodiasis in BBD; and lesions suggestive of malignant catarrhal fever and orbiviral hemorrhagic disease in both species. The main CD in MD was: respiratory (41/75), alimentary, nutritional, trauma and euthanasia (3/75 each). Correspondingly, in BBD were: trauma (34/131), respiratory (30/131) and euthanasia (9/131). Respiratory disease was often defined by pulmonary edema and pneumonia. We provide evidence that respiratory disease, mainly pneumonia, is a critical pathological process in these Neotropical deer species. Although no etiological agents were identified, there is evidence of bacterial and viral involvement. Our results show trauma, mainly anthropogenic, as a common ailment in BBD. We propose to prioritize respiratory disease in future research focused on South American deer health aspects. We believe anthropogenic trauma may be a primary threat for populations of BBD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective pathology study of two Neotropical deer species (1995-2015), Brazil: Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) and brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)

et al. 2018

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“…Once again, archeological evidence (Fernández et al 2015;L'Heureux 2016) and close sights in Chilean territory (Smith-Flueck et al 2011;Garay et al 2016), as well as oral tradition of some ranchers (e.g., Stag River ranch), support the idea that the species occurred there in the past. In this sense, the decline of huemul can be due to different human related factors (López-Alfaro et al 2012;Corti et al 2013;Briceño et al 2013) which greatly impacted the marginal huemul populations (north and southern distribution areas in the province) in those ecosystems with greater ranching activities (e.g., steppe and N. antarctica forests under silvopastoral uses). Regarding to climate, huemul occupies a narrow environmental conditions associated to the mountain regions.…”

Section: Hsm and Environmental Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Argentina, one endemic medium-sized deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus Molina, commonly named as huemul) is the most endangered species of Patagonia (Black-Decima et al 2016), being the flag species for several conservation programs (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2006;Smith-Flueck et al 2011;Vidal et al 2011). Some authors sustain that this species presented a marked decrease in its geographical distribution due to a combination of several factors, e.g., habitat loss, trade-offs with domestic species (cattle or dogs), poaching, malnutrition, and infectious disease (Díaz and Smith-Flueck 2000;López-Alfaro et al 2012;Corti et al 2011Corti et al , 2013. Several conservation efforts in Southern Patagonia had been conducted without clear knowledge about species habitat requirement and/or the effectiveness of the current natural reserve network (National and Provincial reserves) (Frid 2001;Vila et al 2006;Luque et al 2011;Martínez Pastur et al 2016).The objective of this study was to elaborate a potential HSM for huemul in Santa Cruz province (Argentina).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of potential habitat suitability of Hippocamelus bisulcus: effectiveness of a protected areas network in Southern Patagonia

et al. 2017

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Introduction: Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus Molina) is the most threatened flag species of Southern Patagonia, where conservation efforts were not effective to avoid the retraction of its distribution area. Habitat quality modeling can assist to design better management strategies for regional conservation planning. The objective was to elaborate one habitat suitability map for huemul, defining the environmental characteristics at landscape level, and determining the distribution of the suitable habitat inside the current natural reserve network. Methods: We used a database of 453 records and explored 40 potential explanatory variables (climate, topographic, and landscape variables including human-related ones) to develop one habitat suitability map using the Environmental Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) for Santa Cruz province (Argentina). We combined the outputs in a GIS project using different shapes, including the current natural reserve network. Results: We defined the potential habitat for huemul, where forest edges and ecotone zones (e.g., mainly alpine environments) were the most important environmental variables, as well as some forest types (e.g., Nothofagus pumilio). Habitat losses were found in the extreme potential distribution areas (northern and southern areas), probably related to the increasing ranch activities. The current natural reserve network maintains approximately half of the huemul potential habitat in Santa Cruz province, where National Parks presented the similar conservation importance than the Provincial natural reserves. Conclusions: Habitat suitability model for huemul can be used as a decision support system for new management strategies at different landscape levels to improve the current conservation efforts.

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“…These ecological edge effects have been widely observed in real [1] and simulated ecosystems [4]. In contrast, rigid-boundary edge effects, also called border bias [5], occur along the outer portion of sampled data and of simulated systems that have a rigid outer boundary [6,7]. For example, analyses of point pattern data noted as early as 1954 that while statistical methods assume an infinite space, since the sampled data are from a finite space, parameter estimates will be more biased the closer they are to the boundary of the sampled space [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, analyses of point pattern data noted as early as 1954 that while statistical methods assume an infinite space, since the sampled data are from a finite space, parameter estimates will be more biased the closer they are to the boundary of the sampled space [6]. Relatedly, in landscape-scale simulations of animal dispersal [7] and forest fires [8] the rigid-boundary edge effects resulted in reduced predictions of, respectively, the occurrence of animals and fires. These reductions happen because while the interior of the landscape would receive animals or fires from all directions, the edge of the finite landscape could only receive them from the interior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods to Detect Edge Effected Reductions in Fire Frequency in Simulated Forest Landscapes

Wei

Larsen

2019

IJGI

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Reductions in fire frequency (RFF) are known to occur in the area adjacent to the rigid-boundary of simulated forest landscapes. Few studies, however, have removed those edge effected regions (EERs), and many others may, thus, have misinterpreted their simulated forest conditions within those unidentified edges. We developed three methods to detect and remove EERs with RFF and applied them to fire frequency maps of 2900 × 2900 grids developed using between 1000 and 1200 fire-year maps. The three methods employed different approaches: scanning, agglomeration, and division, along with the consensus of two and three of those methods. The detected EERs with RFF ranged in mean width from 5.9 to 17.3 km, and occupied 4.9 to 21.3% of the simulated landscapes. Those values are lower than the 40 km buffer width, which occupied 47.5% of the simulated landscape, used in a previous study in this area that based buffer width on length of the largest fire. The maximum width of the EER covaried with wind predominance, indicating it is not possible to prescribe a standard buffer width for all simulation studies. The three edge detection methods differ in their optimality, with the best results provided by a consensus of the three methods. We suggest that future landscape forest simulation studies should, to ensure their results near the rigid boundary are not misrepresentative, simulate an appropriately enlarged study area and then employ edge detection methods to remove the EERs with RFF.

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Individual-based modeling as a decision tool for the conservation of the endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in southern Chile

Cited by 13 publications

References 51 publications

A retrospective pathology study of two Neotropical deer species (1995-2015), Brazil: Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) and brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)

A retrospective pathology study of two Neotropical deer species (1995-2015), Brazil: Marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) and brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira)

Modeling of potential habitat suitability of Hippocamelus bisulcus: effectiveness of a protected areas network in Southern Patagonia

Methods to Detect Edge Effected Reductions in Fire Frequency in Simulated Forest Landscapes

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