Individual differences in the effects of priors on perception: A multi-paradigm approach

Tulver, Kadi; Aru, Jaan; Rutiku, Renate; Bachmann, Talis

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.03.008

Cited by 43 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Chamberlain, Van der Hallen, Huygelier, Van de Cruys, and Wagemans (2017) also showed poor evidence for a common factor for local and global visual processing. In addition, the effects of priors in perceptual tasks seem not to follow a single mechanism (Tulver, Aru, Rutiku, & Bachmann, 2019). Hence, these studies found very specific factors, similar to the very specific factors we found for visual illusions, and are rather arguing against a general factor for vision as proposed previously (e.g., Halpern, Andrews, & Purves, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Factors underlying visual illusions are illusion-specific but not feature-specific

et al. 2019

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Common factors are ubiquitous. For example, there is a common factor, g, for intelligence. In vision, there is much weaker evidence for such common factors. For example, visual illusion magnitudes correlate only weakly with each other. Here, we investigated whether illusions are hyper-specific as in perceptual learning. First, we tested 19 variants of the Ebbinghaus illusion that differed in color, shape, or texture. Correlations between the illusion magnitudes of the different variants were mostly significant. Second, we reanalyzed a dataset from a previous experiment where 10 illusions were tested under four conditions of luminance and found significant correlations between the different luminance conditions of each illusion. However, there were only very weak correlations between the 10 different illusions. Third, five visual illusions were tested with four orientations. Again, there were significant correlations between the four orientations of each illusion, but not across different illusions. The weak inter-illusion correlations suggest that there is no unique common mechanism for the tested illusions. We suggest that most illusions make up their own factor.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Factors underlying visual illusions are illusion-specific but not feature-specific

et al. 2019

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“…These results are broadly congruent with previous research (Alganami, Varese, Wagstaff, & Bentall, 2017;Fassler, Knox, & Lynn, 2006;Pekala, Kumar, & Cummings, 1992;Cardeña & Terhune, 2014), particularly on research linking dissociation to unusual sleep experiences. However, working with the hypothesis that hallucinations and other anomalous experiences are partly driven by a tendency to over-weight perceptual priors (Corlett et al, 2019;Sterzer et al, 2018;Tulver, Aru, Rutiku, & Bachmann, 2019), our results are at odds with the proposal that high hypnotic suggestibility is uniformly characterized by hallucination-proneness.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…The relation between hypnotic suggestibility and hallucination-proneness aligns well with contemporary theories of hypnosis that have sought to understand response to suggestion within the context of predictive coding models (Jamieson, 2016;Martin & Pacherie, 2019). Similar to recent accounts of hallucinations (Corlett et al, 2019;Sterzer et al, 2018;Tulver, Aru, Rutiku, & Bachmann, 2019) -according to which perception is modeled as an active process integrating beliefs about the world (priors) and sensory evidence -these theories propose that response to suggestion is facilitated by a propensity to form highly precise priors that exert a top-down influence over motor control and perception, giving rise to compelling changes in behavior and experience. These models predict that individuals displaying high hypnotic suggestibility, who comprise around 10-15% of the general population (Woody & Barnier, 2008), should display increased hallucination-proneness due to a tendency to weight perceptual priors more strongly, resulting in a concomitant down-weighting of sensory evidence (Martin & Pacherie, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Anomalous experiences are more prevalent among highly suggestible individuals who are also highly dissociative

Acunzo¹,

Cardeña²,

Terhune³

2019

Preprint

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Introduction: Predictive coding models propose that high hypnotic suggestibility confers a predisposition to hallucinate due to an elevated propensity to weight perceptual beliefs (priors) over sensory evidence. Multiple lines of research corroborate this prediction and demonstrate a link between hypnotic suggestibility and proneness to anomalous perceptual states. However, such effects might be moderated by dissociative tendencies, which seem to account for heterogeneity in high hypnotic suggestibility. We tested the prediction that the prevalence of anomalous experiences would be greater among highly suggestible individuals who are also highly dissociative.Methods: We compared high and low dissociative highly suggestible participants and low suggestible controls on multiple psychometric measures of anomalous experiences. Results: High dissociative highly suggestible participants reliably reported greater anomalous experiences than low dissociative highly suggestible participants and low suggestible controls, who did not significantly differ from each other. Conclusions: These results suggest a greater predisposition to experience anomalous perceptual states among high dissociative highly suggestible individuals.

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“…These results are broadly congruent with previous research (Alganami, Varese, Wagstaff, & Bentall, 2017;Fassler, Knox, & Lynn, 2006;Pekala, Kumar, & Cummings, 1992;Cardeña & Terhune, 2014), particularly on research linking dissociation to unusual sleep experiences. However, working with the hypothesis that hallucinations and other anomalous experiences are partly driven by a tendency to over-weight perceptual priors Sterzer et al, 2018;Tulver, Aru, Rutiku, & Bachmann, 2019), our results are at odds with the proposal that high hypnotic suggestibility is uniformly characterized by hallucination-proneness.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 98%

“…The relation between hypnotic suggestibility and hallucination-proneness aligns well with contemporary theories of hypnosis that have sought to understand response to suggestion within the context of predictive coding models (Jamieson, 2016;Martin & Pacherie, 2019). Similar to recent accounts of hallucinations Sterzer et al, 2018;Tulver, Aru, Rutiku, & Bachmann, 2019) -according to which perception is modeled as an active process integrating beliefs Anomalous experiences and hypnotic suggestibility 4 about the world (priors) and sensory evidence -these theories propose that response to suggestion is facilitated by a propensity to form highly precise priors that exert a top-down influence over motor control and perception, giving rise to compelling changes in behavior and experience. These models predict that individuals displaying high hypnotic suggestibility, who comprise around 10-15% of the general population (Woody & Barnier, 2008), should display increased hallucination-proneness due to a tendency to weight perceptual priors more strongly, resulting in a concomitant down-weighting of sensory evidence (Martin & Pacherie, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Anomalous experiences are more prevalent among highly suggestible individuals who are also highly dissociative

Acunzo

Cardeña

Terhune

2020

Cognitive Neuropsychiatry

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Introduction:Predictive coding models propose that high hypnotic suggestibility confers a predisposition to hallucinate due to an elevated propensity to weight perceptual beliefs (priors) over sensory evidence. Multiple lines of research corroborate this prediction and demonstrate a link between hypnotic suggestibility and proneness to anomalous perceptual states. However, such effects might be moderated by dissociative tendencies, which seem to account for heterogeneity in high hypnotic suggestibility. We tested the prediction that the prevalence of anomalous experiences would be greater among highly suggestible individuals who are also highly dissociative. Methods:We compared high and low dissociative highly suggestible participants and low suggestible controls on multiple psychometric measures of anomalous experiences.Results: High dissociative highly suggestible participants reliably reported greater anomalous experiences than low dissociative highly suggestible participants and low suggestible controls, who did not significantly differ from each other. Conclusions:These results suggest a greater predisposition to experience anomalous perceptual states among high dissociative highly suggestible individuals.

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Individual differences in the effects of priors on perception: A multi-paradigm approach

Cited by 43 publications

References 60 publications

Factors underlying visual illusions are illusion-specific but not feature-specific

Factors underlying visual illusions are illusion-specific but not feature-specific

Anomalous experiences are more prevalent among highly suggestible individuals who are also highly dissociative

Anomalous experiences are more prevalent among highly suggestible individuals who are also highly dissociative

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