Individual‐vs. culture‐level dimensions of individualism and collectivism: Effects on preferred conversational styles

Kim, Min Sun; Hunter, John E.; Miyahara, Akira; Horvath, Ann Marie; Bresnahan, Mary; Yoon, Hei Jin

doi:10.1080/03637759609376373

Cited by 193 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The Mexican and Venezuelan samples averaged higher than the Americans and Australians in independent self-construals, which is inconsistent with the traditional view of Mexico and Venezuela as collectivistic, but consistent with previous findings in Mexican samples (Church et al, 2003(Church et al, , 2006Morling & Lamoreaux, 2008;Schwartz, 2002). Also consistent with other studies, the Japanese averaged low on both independent and interdependent self-construals (Kim, Hunter, Miyahara, Horvath, Bresnahan, & Yoon, 1996;Kobayashi, Kerbo, & Sharp, 2010). Finally, there were few and only modest cultural differences in relational self-construals.…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

Need Satisfaction and Well-Being: Testing Self-Determination Theory in Eight Cultures

Church¹,

Katigbak²,

Locke³

et al. 2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

136

106

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According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness is a universal requirement for psychological well-being. We tested this hypothesis with college students in the United States, Australia, Mexico, Venezuela, the Philippines, Malaysia, China, and Japan. Participants rated the extent to which these needs, plus needs for self-actualization and pleasure-stimulation, were satisfied in various roles and reported their general hedonic (i.e., positive and negative affect) and eudaimonic (e.g., meaning in life, personal growth) well-being. Asian participants averaged lower than non-Asian participants in perceived satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and self-actualization needs and in most aspects of eudaimonic well-being and these differences were partially accounted for by differences in dialecticism and independent self-construals. Nonetheless, perceived need satisfaction predicted overall well-being to a similar degree in all cultures and in most cultures provided incremental prediction beyond the Big Five traits. Perceived imbalance in the satisfaction of different needs also modestly predicted well-being, particularly negative affect. The study extended support for the universal importance of SDT need satisfaction to several new cultures.NEED SATISFACTION AND WELL-BEING 5 Self-Determination Theory (SDT) proposes that certain evolved psychological needs must be satisfied if individuals are to develop to their fullest potential, in the same way that plants require key nutrients to thrive (Deci & Ryan, 1985Ryan, 1995;. SDT posits three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Autonomy involves the need to experience one's behavior as freely chosen and volitional, rather than imposed by external forces. Competence involves the need to feel capable and effective in one's actions. Relatedness involves the need for belonging, intimacy, and connectedness to others.SDT theorists view these needs as broad motivational tendencies that operate across life domains and contend that satisfaction of all three needs, not just one or two, is essential for well-being.Although the expression or means of satisfying these needs may vary across cultures, their satisfaction is viewed as essential for well-being in all cultures.In contrast, some critics of SDT have questioned whether these needs are cultural universals. In particular, several scholars have argued that autonomy is more valued or normative in individualistic or Western cultures (Cross & Markus, 1999;Iyengar & Lepper, 1999;Miller, 1997). However, as noted by Chirkov and Ryan (2001), the existence of cultural differences in the strength of autonomy values does not preclude similarities in the functional impact of autonomy-supportive versus controlling environments. Furthermore, SDT theorists counter that critics tend to confuse autonomy as defined by SDT with independence or individualism (Chirkov, Ryan, Kim, & Kaplan, 2003). For example, behaving in accordance with group norms might be internal...

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supporting

confidence: 75%

Need Satisfaction and Well-Being: Testing Self-Determination Theory in Eight Cultures

Church¹,

Katigbak²,

Locke³

et al. 2012

PsycEXTRA Dataset

136

106

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“…For example, Matsumoto et al (1997) uncover evidence for less collectivistic values among Japanese college students than among Americans. Kim et al (1996) also find that Japanese college students have less interdependent and independent self-construals than do Americans. The test has added importance because, by examining both individualistic and collectivistic tendencies of Japanese and Americans, Kim et al, pointed out the possibility that Japanese young adults (i.e.…”

Section: United Statesmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Hofstede, 1980) tends to be studies of adult samples, while ours is a sample of college students. In fact, Kim et al (1996), in their study of collectivism using a sample of college students, found that Japanese scored lower on collectivism than did Americans. In that study, as in ours, Japanese were also less oriented toward individualism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Individualistic and Collectivistic Tendencies among College Students in Japan and the United States

Kobayashi

Kerbo

Sharp

2009

International Journal of Comparative Sociology

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It is a worldwide stereotype that Japanese, compared to Americans, are oriented more toward collectivism. But this stereotypical notion of more collectivism among Japanese, which typically stems from a view that individualism and collectivism stand at opposite ends of a continuum, has been filled with dashed empirical findings, especially in a sample of college students. In the current study, following the view that individualism and collectivism are two separate concepts rather than one with two extremes, we test and compare both individualistic and collectivistic tendencies among college students in Japan and the United States. A review of theories and research on this dimension of cultural variability across the two diverse cultures and the literature on societal pressure of collectivity and on parents as primary socialization agents of culturally expected values lead to two hypotheses: 1) Japanese college students tend less toward individualism than do Americans, and 2) Japanese college students tend less toward collectivism than do Americans. Analysis of identical survey data from college students in Japan and in the United States provides strong support for both hypotheses.Despite modernization, the old images of Japan held by Westerners, and even among Japanese themselves, persist. One of the most important of these images is that Japanese people are more collectivistic than Westerners, and especially more so than Americans -a stereotype based primarily on an abundance of qualitative studies on stronger 'group-orientation' among

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“…On one hand, collectivism is associated with relational constraints such as not hurting others' feelings, avoiding negative evaluations, and minimizing imposition, whereas individualism is associated with outcome-oriented constraints such as clarity and effectiveness (Kim et al, 1996). Similarly, members of collectivistic cultures tend to show more concern for other's face, whereas those from individualistic cultures tend to show more concern for self face in conflict situations (Oetzel et al, 2001).…”

Section: Culture and The Structuration Of Conversational Argumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversational Argumentation in Decision Making: Chinese and U.S. Participants in Face-to-Face and Instant-Messaging Interactions

Stewart

Setlock

Fussell

2007

Discourse Processes

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This study investigates cultural and communication medium effects on conversational argumentation in a decision-making context. Chinese and U.S. participants worked in pairs on two decision-making tasks via face-to-face (FtF) and instant messaging (IM). The analyses showed that Chinese participants tended to engage in potentially more complex argumentation, whereas U.S. participants tended to utilize proportionally more statements of claims and statements of convergence (agreements, acknowledgments, and concessions). Argumentation in IM tended to be more direct than in FtF interactions. There were no interaction effects between culture and communication medium on argumentation behavior. In addition, statements of convergence were found to be negatively related to measures of persuasion, indicating that such statements do not necessarily indicate true agreements or shifts in opinion. The results are discussed in terms of structuration theory and the socioegocentric model of communication.Argumentation is a pervasive mode of discourse, occurring in face-to-face (FtF), mass-mediated and computer-mediated contexts, and in oral and written discourse. Various definitions of argumentation exist, depending on disciplinary and functional orientations to the study of argument (Voss & Van Dyke, 2001). Decision-making dyads and groups engage in argumentation by exchanging claims and Correspondence should be addressed to Craig O. Stewart, Department of English, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529. E-mail: cstewart@odu.edu reasons, and expressing agreement and disagreement, in the process of arriving at decisions that are, at least ideally, mutually acceptable to the group's members. Increasingly, as organizations internationalize, collaborative decision making takes place over computer-mediated channels and across diverse cultures. However, there is little research on argumentation in decision-making directly comparing the argumentation behaviors found in computer-mediated interactions with those in FtF interactions or argumentation behaviors in collectivistic cultures with those in individualistic cultures. In this article, we analyze the argumentative discourse moves of dyads consisting either of U.S. or Chinese college students collaborating on decision-making tasks in FtF and instant-messaging (IM) interactions. In addition to investigating how culture and communication technology affect argumentation, we investigate relations between argumentation behaviors and postdiscussion agreement between partners and subjective ratings of the tasks. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKStructuration theory has been an influential framework for studying the role of interaction and communicative processes in group decision making. As Poole, Seibold, and McPhee (1985) stated, "Structuration refers to the process of production and reproduction of social systems via the application of generative rules and resources [i.e., structures]" (p. 76). The underlying structures that support social systems emerge through processes of interaction. Argumen...

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Individual‐vs. culture‐level dimensions of individualism and collectivism: Effects on preferred conversational styles

Cited by 193 publications

References 24 publications

Need Satisfaction and Well-Being: Testing Self-Determination Theory in Eight Cultures

Need Satisfaction and Well-Being: Testing Self-Determination Theory in Eight Cultures

Differences in Individualistic and Collectivistic Tendencies among College Students in Japan and the United States

Conversational Argumentation in Decision Making: Chinese and U.S. Participants in Face-to-Face and Instant-Messaging Interactions

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