Individualism and Collectivism among University Students in Mexico and the United States

The development of social presence in online Arabic learning communities

“…Collectivist cultures emphasise group goals over individual ones, and relationships have a high priority. Close relationships result in commitment and responsibility to others more than to one's own individual needs or opinions, and thus the group provides support, goals and expectations, and expects loyalty (Shkodriani & Gibbons, 1995;Wu & Rubin, 2000). People from a collectivist society such as this are motivated by extrinsic, not intrinsic factors.…”

Do bilinguals have two personalities? A special case of cultural frame switching

“…For example, bilinguals' scores in the Good Impression factor were higher in Spanish than in English. Hull (1996) conjectured that bilinguals showed this tendency because in the Spanishspeaking culture, like in other collectivist cultures, there is greater concern about interpersonal harmony and pleasing others (Marín & Marín, 1991), and also because group aYliation is valued more strongly (Shkodriani & Gibbons, 1995). In addition, bilinguals showed more Intellectual EYciency when responding in English rather than in Spanish.…”

Contrasting Academic Behavioural Confidence in Mexican and European Psychology Students

“…With a sample of university students, Shkodriani and Gibbons (1995) showed that Mexican university students are more collectivist than their US counterparts, using the Individualism-Collectivism scale (Hui, 1988). Kwan, Bond and Singelis (1997) found that within Collectivist Hong Kong, students had lower self-esteem scores measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory (Rosenberg, 1965).…”

“…That México is more collectivist than any European country (Goodwin & Hernandez Plata, 2000;Gouveia & Ros, 2000;Heydenfeldt, 2000;Morling and Lamoreaux, 2008;Shkodriani and Gibbons, 1995;Tafarodi & Walters, 1999) is significant as research shows that confidence or efficacy beliefs are generally lower when there are low Individualism, high…”

“…This has been shown in studies using both survey techniques, for exam- that the Japanese estimated that about 50% of students would be better than they were or have more of a given trait or ability like memory, athletic ability, independence, and sympathy which is what would be expected from nonbiased, normative reasoning whereas American students assumed that only 30% of people on average would be better than themselves on those traits and abilities. Given that the construct Academic Behavioural Confidence has been aligned with self-efficacy (Sander & Sanders, 2006;Sander, 2009;Nicholson et al, in press), Mexican university students could be expected to respond lower on the ABC scale than the UK university students on which the scale has been developed, underpinned by the fact that Mexican university students have strong Collectivism beliefs (Shkodriani & Gibbons, 1995).…”