Individualism and the “Western Mind” reconsidered: American and dutch parents' ethnotheories of the child

Harkness, Sara; Super, Charles M.; Tijen, N. van

doi:10.1002/cd.23220008704

Cited by 121 publications

(105 citation statements)

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“…The extended literature on the socialization of 'dependence' in traditional Japanese culture documents the role of physical closeness, patterns of soothing and verbal communication, the use of reinforcements and modeling, and other elements in a coherent pattern of beliefs and practices, public and private, which contribute to distinct expectations and self-management in adulthood [Bornstein et al, 1992;Caudill and Weinstein, 1969;Hess and Azuma, 1990;Shwalb and Shwalb, 1996]. Our recent work on themes of rest and regularity in Dutch childrearing and the consequences for early arousal and emotionality suggests a similarly complex set of replications across scale, across domain, and over time [Harkness, Super and Keefer, 1992;Harkness, Super and Pai, 2000;Super et al, 1996].…”

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confidence: 99%

Culture Structures the Environment for Development

2002

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Culture is usefully conceived for developmentalists as the organization of the developmental environment. This definition makes available to scientific scrutiny the processes by which culture affects the course of development, that is, how it generates the relationships and meanings of variables that are more familiar, individually, to traditional developmental scientists. One framework for parsing the environment is the ''developmental niche'', which identifies three operational subsystems – the physical and social settings, the historically constituted customs and practices of child care and child rearing, and the psychology of the caretakers, particularly parental ethnotheories which play a directive role and are, by definition, shared with the community. Three organizational aspects of the niche create particularly important developmental outcomes: contemporary redundancy, which is the mutually reinforcing repetition of similar influences from several parts of the environment during the same period of development; thematic elaboration, which is the repetition and cultivation over time of core symbols and systems of meaning; and chaining, in which no single element of the environment is sufficient in kind to produce a particular outcome, but the linking of disparate elements creates a qualitatively new phenomenon. In addition, there is a more complex set of second-order effects; sex and temperament, for example, are characteristics whose meaning and consequence are organized by features of the environment. Finally, it is argued that theoretical recognition of variable relationships between development and the environment represents our discipline''s growth toward abstract thinking.

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confidence: 99%

Culture Structures the Environment for Development

2002

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“…First, theory and research suggest that parenting beliefs underlie behaviors and reflect the broader sociocultural and ecological context in which parents raise their children (Bornstein and Cheah, 2006;Harkness et al, 2000;Parmar et al, 2004). Indeed, parental beliefs differ across groups in ways consistent with broad cultural variables (e.g., Rosenthal and RoerStrier, 2001;Wang and Tamis-LeMonda, 2003).…”

Section: Parental Beliefsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Does it Mean to be Prosocial? A Cross-Ethnic Study of Parental Beliefs

Guzman

Brown

Carlo

et al. 2012

Psychology and Developing Societies

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This study explored parental beliefs surrounding prosocial behaviours and the parenting practices that promote them. A total of 47 mothers of young adolescents participated in one of the seven focus groups, three of which were conducted in Spanish with first-generation Mexican-American immigrants, two were conducted in English among second generation (US-born) Mexican Americans, and two were conducted with European Americans. Responses were coded using elements of the grounded theory approach, and results indicate patterns of shared and unique beliefs about prosocial behaviours in ways that reflect the sociocultural context and acculturative experiences of the respondents. Findings suggest that beliefs about prosocial behaviours and parenting are culturally-structured and dynamic—changing to reflect the experiences and developmental landscape of parents and children.

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“…Para investigar a correlação entre as crenças e práticas de cuidado materno em diferentes contextos de desenvolvimento, o presente estudo apóia-se no modelo de Nichos de Desenvolvimento (Harkness & Super, 1994Harkness et al, 2001;Harkness, Super, & van Tijen, 2000). Através desse modelo, pressupõe-se que as crenças, como parte da psicologia dos cuidadores, afetarão as prá-ticas de cuidado (e vice-versa), e, assim como as práticas e crenças, transformarão e serão transformadas pelo ambiente físico e social.…”

Section: Valores E Crenças Parentais Sobre O Desenvolvimento Infantilunclassified

Crenças e práticas de mães sobre o desenvolvimento infantil nos contextos rural e urbano

Kobarg

Vieira

2008

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

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ResumoA presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a correlação entre as crenças e práticas de cuidado materno em diferentes contextos no município de Itajaí. Participaram da pesquisa setenta e sete mães que responderam a um questionário. Através da análise dos dados constatou-se que: mães da zona urbana, com escolaridade superior, valorizaram mais o fator Estimulação, enquanto mães da zona urbana, com baixa escolaridade, se destacaram em relação ao fator Disciplina; o tempo que as mães passavam com os filhos na zona rural foi significativamente maior em comparação com mães dos outros grupos; e mães da zona urbana com baixa escolaridade relataram que seus filhos brincavam significativamente mais com outras crianças. Portanto, concluise que crenças e práticas de cuidado materno apresentam configurações diferentes em função do contexto em que as mães residem. Palavras-chave: Crenças maternas; cuidado parental; contextos; desenvolvimento infantil. AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of the beliefs and practices of maternal care in rural and urban contexts in the city of Itajaí, SC. Seventy-seven mothers were asked to participate in the study by filling in a questionnaire. The following points were observed through the analysis of the results: Urban mothers with high educational level attributed significantly more value to the factor of stimulation, whereas urban mothers with a lower educational level gave more importance to the factor of discipline. The amount of time that mothers spent with their children in the countryside was significantly greater in relation to mothers in the other group. Urban mothers of lower educational level said that their children played significantly more with other children. Therefore, it was concluded that practical beliefs and maternal care practices show different configurations regarding the contexts the mothers dwelling. Keywords: Maternal beliefs; parental care; contexts; child development. O comportamento parental, comum no ser humano, tem importante função adaptativa no sentido de promover a sobrevivência dos indivíduos e da espécie humana de modo geral. No entanto, existem especificidades nesse cuidado que dependem da cultura e do contexto familiar. Embora os modelos culturais de pais possam ser supostamente estáveis e consistentes, eles estão integrados nas dinâmicas culturais em que se desenvolvem e mudam com o tempo histórico, em conjunção com mudanças sociodemográficas. Partindo desse pressuposto, cada fase de desenvolvimento histórico vem produzindo diferentes idéias acerca dos cuidados e metas parentais. Épocas históricas (ex: períodos de guerra) também constituem meio ambientes culturais, quando as estratégias parentais necessitam ser adaptadas (Keller, 2007). O comportamento dos pais não consiste de uma série de respostas acidentais ao comportamento de seus filhos. Os pais têm noções ou idéias a respeito de como devem tratar seus filhos, isto é, com base no que acreditam ser bom ou ruim, naquilo que eles valorizam ou desvalorizam e ...

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Individualism and the “Western Mind” reconsidered: American and dutch parents' ethnotheories of the child

Abstract: Research on Dutch and American parents' descriptions and interpretations of their children's personality and behavior reveals a systematic pattern ofd@erence that defies the idea ofa uniform "Western mind" characterized by individualism.

Cited by 121 publications

References 1 publication

Culture Structures the Environment for Development

Culture Structures the Environment for Development

What Does it Mean to be Prosocial? A Cross-Ethnic Study of Parental Beliefs

Crenças e práticas de mães sobre o desenvolvimento infantil nos contextos rural e urbano

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