Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans

Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Иванов, В.В.

doi:10.1515/9783110815030

Cited by 209 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Somewhere along this extended timescale, bearers of R1a or its upstream haplogroups developed the Pre-proto-Indo-European (Pre-IE) language and carried it along during their journey from Central Asia to Europe. Linguists date the earliest signs of Pre-IE in Anatolia at 9600 ± 600 ybp (Gamkrelidze & Ivanov, 1995;Gray & Atkinson, 2004;Renfrew, 2000), which coincides with the data of DNA genealogy for the migration of R1a bearers across Asia Minor that is described in Klyosov and Rozhanskii (2012).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Haplogroup R1a, Its Subclades and Branches in Europe During the Last 9,000 Years

Rozhanskii¹,

Klyosov²

2012

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This study identifies and describes 38 branches of the haplogroup R1a STR haplotypes which currently exist in Europe or which migrated from Europe to areas in the east, south, and southeast between 6000 and 4500 years before the present (ybp). The study is based on 2471 haplotypes which have been tested for either 67-or 111-markers; it essentially creates a unified robust system, which assembles dozens of R1a-SNPs and thousands of STRs and assigned haplotypes to branches, some of which do not have SNP assignments as yet. The assembled system consists of base (deduced ancestral) haplotypes, one for each STR branch and for each SNP-assigned subclade, each with its characteristic (ancestral) set of alleles, arranged in the chronological space from ~9000 ybp to 1300 ybp. We found that the most ancient R1a subclades (R1a1-M198− and R1a1a-M198+/M417−) bearers of which currently live in Europe (the present day haplotypes are scattered between England and the Balkans) appeared in Europe at least 7300 ybp, and possibly 9000 ybp. R1a's three principal downstream subclades, L664 (North-Western branch), Z93 (South-Eastern branch), and Z283 (Eurasian branch), split from their common European ancestor at about the same time, around 7000 -6000 ybp. L664 apparently stayed in North-Western Europe; its lineage recovered and began expanding ~4575 ybp. The Z93 subclade began to expand during the Aryan migrations, on the Aryan's journey to India and the Middle East in the 3rd-2nd millennia BC. The Z283 subclade split ~5500 ybp into three branches. One of them, Z280 (the Central Eurasian branch) moved east to the Russian Plain in 4800 -4600 ybp, and formed at least 16 sub-branches there and in the course of the later westward repopulation of Europe in the 1st millennium BC-1st millennium CE. Some of the older branches, like the Russian Plain branch, largely stayed in the present Russia-Ukraine-Belarus-PolandBaltic countries region, and were described by early historians as the Scythians, Antes, Veneti, and a multitude of different proto-Slavic tribes (though many of them belonged to haplogroups other than R1a, primarily I1 and I2). Those R1a branches which are "older" than 3000 years, such as the Russian Plain branch (4600 ybp), the Western Eurasian (4300 ybp), and the Balto-Carpathian (4300 ybp), did not move en mass to Europe but stayed behind at the Russian Plain. In the middle of 1st millennium CE, the time of the collapse of the Roman Empire, multiple migrations of R1a were taking place eastward and westward; these migrations gradually formed the current landscape of R1a in Europe. All 38 branches and their datings are listed in the Appendix of this paper; current distribution maps are shown in the body of the paper.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Haplogroup R1a, Its Subclades and Branches in Europe During the Last 9,000 Years

Rozhanskii¹,

Klyosov²

2012

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“…Notemos que o Hitita foi colocado como raiz das árvores de acordo com a evidência lingüística em consonância com Gamkrelidze & Ivanov (1995) e Rexová et alli (2003. Em outras palavras, estamos admitindo que a Hipótese do Indo-Hitita seja válida, embora isso não cause nenhum problema na aplicação do método MP, porque a introdução do Hitita como grupo externo e como raiz só pode ser implementado após a escolha da árvore de consenso.…”

Section: Resultados E Conclusõesunclassified

Um tratamento quantitativo para a classificação das línguas Indo-Européias

Ribeiro

2006

DELTA

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This work applies the biology cladistic methodology in the analysis of the classification of the Indo-European family of languages, through phonologic and morphologic characters of 12 linguistic families. For the phylogenetc analysis of the phonologic and morphologic data we use the method of maximum parsimony. Our results point to the existence of the traditional Indo-European languages sub-groups certified in the literature and indicate that one can exist an Italic-Celtic-Germanic supergroup. KEY-WORDS: Indo-European Languages; Cladistics; Maximum Parcimony Method.RESUMO: Este trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar a aplicação de uma metodologia cladística da Biologia Evolucionária na análise da classificação das línguas IndoEuropéias por meio de caracteres fonológicos e morfológicos de 12 famílias lingüísticas. Para a análise filogenética dos dados, foi usado o tratamento de máxima parcimônia. Os resultados da análise aqui descrita apontam para a existência dos subgrupos tradicionais das línguas Indo-Européias atestados na literatura e indicam, ainda, que pode existir um super grupo de línguas Ítalo-Celtico-Germânico.

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“…Based on associated artefacts and the radiocarbon dating of human bones from the cemeteries it was concluded that these complexes were in use for a period of more than four millennia (6377-to 2290 BC). The meaning of Lake Biržulis in Indo-European languages is metaphorical, signifying "ritually clean", "innocent" in old Indo-European [17]. Some parallels may be drawn with the famous Zvejnieki cemetery in Northern Latvia.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier, attention was paid to the word Béržuvis by famous Indo-European researchers. On the basis of data from the Hattian, Thracian, Baltic and Slavonic languages, they were inclined to assign a meaning of "clear" to this word, whilst its metaphorical meaning would be "ritually clean, virgin" [17]. Biržulis was probably very special from the ancient Indo-European culture period onwards and related to ceremonial rites on the lake's northern shore.…”

Section: "Biržulis" Name In the Written Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Mesolithic to Early Christianity: The Development of the Ritual Complex in the Northern Part of Lake Biržulis (Lithuania) According to Archaeological, Linguistic and Historical Research

Butrimas¹

2017

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Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans

Cited by 209 publications

References 0 publications

Haplogroup R1a, Its Subclades and Branches in Europe During the Last 9,000 Years

Haplogroup R1a, Its Subclades and Branches in Europe During the Last 9,000 Years

Um tratamento quantitativo para a classificação das línguas Indo-Européias

From Mesolithic to Early Christianity: The Development of the Ritual Complex in the Northern Part of Lake Biržulis (Lithuania) According to Archaeological, Linguistic and Historical Research

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