“…Vibrio produces indoles (signaling molecules) from tryptophan using tryptophanase (TnaA), which plays notable roles in quorum sensing (QS), virulence, antibiotic resistance, bacterial homeostasis, and biofilm formation [ 49 , 50 ]. In this study, 6-AF reduced extracellular indole levels by 58, 64, and 74 % at 2, 5, and 10 μg/mL, respectively, while 3,2-DHF and DHMB reduced indole levels by 87–90 % and 58–71 %, respectively, at 2–5 μg/mL and eliminated it at 10 μg/mL ( Fig.…”