Indonesian Propolis Reduces Malondialdehyde Level and Increase Osteoblast Cell Number in Wistar Rats with Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Abstract

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of Indonesian propolis gel 5% in Wistar rats alveolar bone, toward malondialdehyde serum levels and osteoblast cells number caused by orthodontic tooth movement (OTM).
 METHODS: This was an experimental study using the post-test only group design. The samples were 28 male Wistar rats, divided into four groups: G1 (control group) – group without OTM and without propolis, G2 – group without OTM and with propolis, G3 – group with OTM and without propolis, and G4 – group with OTM and with propolis. Propolis available in the form of 5% gel and 30 gf helical spring force of OTM applied. Spring was applied in rat maxilla incisors. OTM treatment was given 17 days, and on day 18, blood samples were taken for the measurement of malondialdehyde levels, then tested using the ELISA test. Variable of osteoblast was calculated histologically using hematoxylin-eosin staining. The data of malondialdehyde level and the osteoblast number obtained were tested using one-way ANOVA.
 RESULTS: The result indicated that osteoblast number was higher with propolis application compared to those without propolis in the control group and orthodontic tooth treatment group (G2>G1, 23.97 ± 2.95 vs. 18.63 ± 3.04 and G4>G3, 34.17 ± 5.57 vs. 28.26 ± 2.62) with significant difference (p < 0.05). Propolis application also reduces malondialdehyde serum level when compared to both groups without propolis (control and OTM group) (G2<G1, 1.02 ± 0.18 nmol/ml vs. 1.55 ± 0.24 nmol/ml and G4<G3 1.29 ± 0.22 nmol/ml vs. 1.83 ± 0.21 nmol/ml) and significantly different (p < 0.05). OTM increased the malondialdehyde level compared to the control group, with a significant difference (p < 0.05).
 CONCLUSION: Propolis gel 5% application can reduce malondialdehyde serum level and could increase the number of osteoblast.

Application of Propolis in Protecting Skeletal and Periodontal Health—A Systematic Review

“…Propolis also reduced bone resorption at the alveolar bone, as evidenced by decreased osteoclast number [50,51]. In another study by Wiwekowati et al [52], propolis treatment (5% propolis gel for 17 days) showed increased osteoblast number in the alveolar bone of rats with OTM. Propolis also reduced oxidative damage, as evidenced by decreased lipid peroxidation product, MDA, in the blood [52].…”

“…In another study by Wiwekowati et al [52], propolis treatment (5% propolis gel for 17 days) showed increased osteoblast number in the alveolar bone of rats with OTM. Propolis also reduced oxidative damage, as evidenced by decreased lipid peroxidation product, MDA, in the blood [52]. RME is a common orthodontic procedure to increase the transverse width of the maxillary basal bone but studies have reported root resorption following the procedure [54,67].…”

“…Malondialdehyde (MDA) is frequently used as an indicator of oxidative lipid damage. Wiwekowati et al [52] reported that propolis reduced MDA levels in rats with OTM. Propolis could effectively eliminate free radicals due to the polyphenol content [74].…”

“…The bone healing properties of propolis were explored using critical non-union bone defects in Wistar rats (dose of propolis: 0.1 mL of 250 mg/mL propolis percutaneously with chitosan or bone graft) [44], femur fracture in Sprague Dawley rats (implanted with 60% propolis loaded implants and treated with 200 mg/kg of propolis) [45], distraction osteogenesis in New Zealand white rabbits (dose of propolis: 100 and 200 mg/kg) [46]. For the periodontal models, periodontitis-induced bone loss in Wistar rats and C57BL/6 mice (dose of propolis: 100-200 mg/kg) [47][48][49], orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in Wistar rats and guinea pigs (dose of propolis: 2-5% and 100 µL of propolis) [50][51][52]; delayed tooth replantation in Wistar rats (dose of propolis: 200 mL of 15% propolis solution) [53], rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in Wistar rats (dose of propolis: 100 mg/kg or propolis) [54]; grade II furcation-induced bone loss in mongrel dogs (dose of propolis: 400 mg in graft) [55] were studied. In animal studies, densitometry method was used to measure bone mass, micro-computed tomography and bone histomorphometry were used to determine bone microstructure, and circulating bone markers were used to estimate the bone remodelling.…”

“…Overall, 2 studies showed that propolis suppressed osteoclastogenesis [39,40], while 2 studies showed that propolis promoted osteoblastogenesis [41,42]. In the animal experiments, propolis inhibited bone loss due to periodontitis in 2 studies [48,49], bone loss due to periodontitis/STZ-induced diabetes in 1 study [56], bone loss due to OTM in 3 studies [50][51][52] and bone loss due to dental implantitis in 1 study [41]. Propolis prevented systemic bone loss due to STZ-induced diabetes in 1 study [43].…”