Indoor allergen exposure is a risk factor for sensitization during the first three years of life1

Wahn, Ulrich; Lau, Susanne; Bergmann, Renate L.; Kulig, Michael; Förster, Johannes; Bergmann, Karl E.; Bauer, Carl‐Peter; Guggenmoos-Holzmann, I.

doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(97)80009-7

Cited by 473 publications

(337 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…From a number of crosssectional studies (37, 38) performed in children and in adults, it has become obvious that there is a close association between allergen exposure, particularly in the domestic environment, and sensitization. Longitudinal studies such as the MAS study in Germany (6) have clearly demonstrated that during the ®rst years of life, there is a dose-response relationship between indoor allergen exposure to dust-mite and cat allergens and the risk of sensitization.…”

Section: Allergen Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

What drives the allergic march?

Wahn

2000

Allergy

132

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Section: Allergen Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

What drives the allergic march?

Wahn

2000

Allergy

132

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“…Some studies have shown that exposure to house dust mite (HDM) allergens at home is associated with prevalence of allergic sensitization (1)(2)(3) and asthma (4,5) in susceptible children, but others did not (6,7). The reliability of the determination of indoor exposure to these allergens has not been investigated extensively.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability of house dust mite allergen exposure in dwellings.

Hirsch¹,

Kuhlisch²,

Soldan³

et al. 1998

Environ Health Perspect

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Tlhe variability of repeated house dust mite (HDM) allergen determinations at the same site within 3-24 months was evaluated on previously collected samples. Between two and four repeated measurements of Der p 1, a major allergen of Dermatophagoidespteronyssinus and Der f 1, a major allergen of D. farinae, on 46 carpets and 31 mattresses were analyzed. In 90% of carpets and mattresses, HDM allergen concentrations were cinically relevant (at least one measurement >0.1 pg Der p 1 + Der f l/g dust). The coefficients ofvariation (CVs) for allergen concentrations in repeated samples over time (55.3-82.0% for the two allergens in beds and carpets) were clearly greater than the CVs for multiple samples collected at the same time (4.0-32.6%). Determination ofallergen mass per square meter of surface instead of concentration per gram of dust resulted in an even greater There are some other considerations of practical relevance that have not been addressed so far. First, the Australian study measured variability in 2-week intervals. This design might fail to detect long-term variations of exposure. Second, the allergen concentration in sampled dust might be massively "diluted" with allergen-free dirt from outside. Is the total sampled mass of allergen a measure of less variability? Finally, can the reliability be improved if sampling is always done by the same trained field worker rather than by residents following written instructions?Answers to these questions should help improve methods of future field studies of HDM allergen exposure. For this purpose it is also useful to estimate how many samples are needed to compensate for the variability caused by influences that cannot easily be controlled by study design. Methods Study DesignVariability ofsampling and dust extraction procedures. To describe the real variability of HDM exposure, it is necessary to assess the impact of laboratory procedures on total variability. Besides the variability of the assay itself (interassay and intra-assay variability; see "Laboratory Analysis") the influence of our sampling and dust extraction procedures on the variability of results was examined in a methodical study.Sample pairs from six mattresses (both longitudinal halves) and six carpets (two squares of 1 m2) were collected at the same time. To evaluate the variability of the extraction procedure, each of these two samples and two additional single samples from two mattresses (n = 26) were divided into two to nine dust portions. These portions were analyzed separately, and the mean and the coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated for each set of portions. The mean was interpreted as the value of the whole original sample. The values of the two original samples collected at one site were then used to calculate CVs for sampling at the same site at the same time.Long-term variability ofallergen concentration at the same site. We retrospectively analyzed dust samples from two field studies in which HDM allergen exposure was determined repeatedly (within 3-24 months).

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“…No allergen levels in the cars exceed it, and therefore suggest no risk of sensitisation. However, a number of studies (12)(13)(14) show that exposure to allergen levels of less than 2000 ng g -1 can still be a significant sensitisation risk. Dose-response relationships for other outcomes (rhinitis, upper and lower respiratory symptoms) in sensitised individuals are unclear.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of house dust mite allergen in cars / Razine alergena prašinskih grinja u automobilima

Mason

Smith

Anua

et al. 2015

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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This small study investigated house dust mite (HDM) allergen levels in cars and their owners' homes in north-east Scotland. Dust samples from twelve households and cars were collected in a standardised manner. The dust samples were extracted and measured for the Dermatophagoides group 2 allergens (Der p 2 and Der f 2) and total soluble protein. Allergen levels at homes tended to be higher than in the cars, but not significantly. However, they significantly correlated with paired car dust samples expressed either per unit weight of dust or soluble protein (rho=0.657; p=0. 02 and 0.769; p=0.003, respectively). This points to house-to-car allergen transfer, with the car allergen levels largely reflecting levels in the owner's home. Car HDM allergen levels were lower than those reported in Brazil and the USA. Twenty-five percent of the houses and none of the cars had allergen levels in dust greater than 2000 ng g -1 . This value is often quoted as a threshold for the risk of sensitisation, although a number of studies report increased risk of sensitisation at lower levels. This small study does not allow for characterisation of the distribution of HDM allergen in vehicles in this geographic area, or of the likely levels in other warmer and more humid areas of the UK. Cars and other vehicles are an under-investigated micro-environment for exposure to allergenic material.

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Indoor allergen exposure is a risk factor for sensitization during the first three years of life1

Cited by 473 publications

References 30 publications

What drives the allergic march?

What drives the allergic march?

Variability of house dust mite allergen exposure in dwellings.

Levels of house dust mite allergen in cars / Razine alergena prašinskih grinja u automobilima

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