Indoor/outdoor concentrations and indoor surface accumulations of ionic substances

Sinclair, J. D.; Psota-Kelty, L.A.; Weschler, Charles J.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(85)90099-x

Cited by 63 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Indoor surfaces are frequently exposed to NO y generated from indoor combustion sources or from an inf lux of polluted outside air (56). It has been proposed that corrosive chlorine containing gases such as HCl [e.g., from cigarette smoke, decomposition of chlorinecontaining polymers, and cleaning agents] are responsible for observed elevated levels of Cl Ϫ found in indoor relative to outdoor air (57). Thus, if formed indoors, ClNO could serve as a source of highly reactive chlorine atoms that would participate in the complex chemistry known to occur there (52,58).…”

Section: Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride

Raff

Njegic

Chang

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

182

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Gaseous HCl generated from a variety of sources is ubiquitous in both outdoor and indoor air. Oxides of nitrogen (NO y ) are also globally distributed, because NO formed in combustion processes is oxidized to NO 2 , HNO 3 , N 2 O 5 and a variety of other nitrogen oxides during transport. Deposition of HCl and NO y onto surfaces is commonly regarded as providing permanent removal mechanisms. However, we show here a new surface-mediated coupling of nitrogen oxide and halogen activation cycles in which uptake of gaseous NO 2 or N 2 O 5 on solid substrates generates adsorbed intermediates that react with HCl to generate gaseous nitrosyl chloride (ClNO) and nitryl chloride (ClNO 2 ), respectively. These are potentially harmful gases that photolyze to form highly reactive chlorine atoms. The reactions are shown both experimentally and theoretically to be enhanced by water, a surprising result given the availability of competing hydrolysis reaction pathways. Airshed modeling incorporating HCl generated from sea salt shows that in coastal urban regions, this heterogeneous chemistry increases surface-level ozone, a criteria air pollutant, greenhouse gas and source of atmospheric oxidants. In addition, it may contribute to recently measured high levels of ClNO 2 in the polluted coastal marine boundary layer. This work also suggests the potential for chlorine atom chemistry to occur indoors where significant concentrations of oxides of nitrogen and HCl coexist.

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Section: Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride

Raff

Njegic

Chang

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

182

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Sinclair (1985Sinclair ( , 1988 and Brauer (1991) both found that measured indoor/outdoor ratio of nitrate was lower than that measured for sulfate, indicating an additional loss term consistent with the dissociation and evaporation of ammonium nitrate indoors. The difference between the indoor and outdoor levels in the study by Brauer (1991) during the summer was much smaller than that measured during the winter.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…There are few other studies that have simultaneously measured both indoor and outdoor particulate nitrate (Sinclair 1985, Sinclair 1988, Brauer 1991, Suh 1994, Allen 1995, Hering 1996. Sinclair (1985Sinclair ( , 1988 and Brauer (1991) both found that measured indoor/outdoor ratio of nitrate was lower than that measured for sulfate, indicating an additional loss term consistent with the dissociation and evaporation of ammonium nitrate indoors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The transformation of outdoor ammonium nitrate aerosols in the indoor environment

Lunden

Revzan

Fischer

et al. 2003

Atmospheric Environment

136

117

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Recent studies associate particulate air pollution with adverse health effects; however, the exposure to indoor particles of outdoor origin is not well characterized, particularly for individual chemical species. We conducted a field study in an unoccupied, single-story residence in Clovis, California to provide data and analyses to address issues important for assessing exposure. We used real-time particle monitors both outdoors and indoors to quantify PM-2.5 nitrate, sulfate, and carbon. The results show that measured indoor ammonium nitrate concentrations were significantly lower than would be expected based solely on penetration and deposition losses. The additional reduction can be attributed to the transformation indoors of ammonium nitrate into ammonia and nitric acid gases, which are subsequently lost by deposition and sorption to indoor surfaces. A mass balance model that accounts for the kinetics of ammonium nitrate evaporation was able to reproduce measured indoor ammonium nitrate and nitric acid concentrations, resulting in a fitted value of the deposition velocity for nitric acid of 0.56 cm s -1 . The results indicate that indoor exposure to outdoor ammonium nitrate in Central Valley of California are small, and suggest that exposure assessments based on total particle mass measured outdoors may obscure the actual causal relationships for indoor exposure to particles of outdoor origin.

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“…Wallace (1996) (0.16 h −1 ) (Wallace 1996). The deposition velocities for sulfate particles reported by Sinclair et al (1985) are 5-30 times larger. This could be due to the use of a different measuring technique (ion chromatographic method), the use of metallic surfaces as the deposition substrates, or to the lack of data on ambient concentration of the species for most of the deposition periods.…”

Section: Quantitative Assessment Of Particle Losses Due To Coagulatiomentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Deposition velocities towards horizontal surfaces were in the range of 10 −4 to 10 −1 cm s −1 and showed the expected increase with particle size due to gravitational settling. Sinclair et al (1985) found deposition velocities for sulfate onto vertical and horizontal surfaces to be 2.8 × 10 −3 and 7.5 × 10 −3 cm s −1 , respectively. Due to the specificity of the flow conditions, the results of these studies are not easily transferable to cases of conventional residential, commercial, and institutional buildings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Quantitative Assessment of the Effect of Surface Deposition and Coagulation on the Dynamics of Submicrometer Particles Indoors

Jamriska

Morawska

2003

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Exposure to airborne particles indoors depends on particle concentration, which is affected by air filtration, ventilation, and particle dynamics. The aim of this work was quantitative assessment of the effects of coagulation, surface deposition, and ventilation on the submicrometer particle concentration indoors. The assessment was obtained from measured particle loss rate and deposition velocity parameters

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Indoor/outdoor concentrations and indoor surface accumulations of ionic substances

Cited by 63 publications

References 16 publications

Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride

Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride

The transformation of outdoor ammonium nitrate aerosols in the indoor environment

Quantitative Assessment of the Effect of Surface Deposition and Coagulation on the Dynamics of Submicrometer Particles Indoors

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