Indoor positioning using a high-speed, fish-eye lens-equipped camera in Visible Light Communication

Nakazawa, Yasuhiro; Makino, Hideo; Nishimori, Kentaro; Wakatsuki, Daisuke; Kobara, Hideki

doi:10.1109/ipin.2013.6817855

Cited by 75 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In our previous research, we confirmed that self-location can be determined within 10 cm, using our system [4]. However, we needed to attach dedicated transmitters to each LED used for positioning, especially in large buildings such as hospitals and shopping malls.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

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LED-tracking and ID-estimation for indoor positioning using visible light communication

Nakazawa

Makino

Nishimori

et al. 2014

2014 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)

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We are focusing our research on indoor positioning technology; specifically, a type that uses Visible Light Communication (VLC); modulatable LED lights transmit data at 9600 bps, using 4 Pulse Position Modulation (4PPM), while a fisheye lens-equipped camera receives the light signal over a 160degree field-of-view. This type of lighting requires neither additional space nor -power. We assigned a unique ID to each LED, in order to recognize its position. Self-location is calculated from the relationship between the LED positions and coordinates on the image plane. In our previous research, we confirmed that selflocation can be determined within 10 cm, using our system. However, we needed to attach dedicated transmitters to each LED used for positioning, especially in large buildings such as hospitals and shopping malls. So, in this paper, we propose LED-tracking and ID-estimation using LEDs with known IDs; doing so will significantly reduce the cost of installing-and running transmitters. Additionally, with the increased use of LEDs for positioning, accuracy naturally improves. We conducted experiments with the camera moving in 2 different environments: a) a small area, with just 4 LEDs; b) the VLC platform with a total of 24 LEDs, to demonstrate that as many as 13 LEDs can be identified. With 2 or more IDs detected beforehand, unidentified LEDs, as well as some that failed to be tracked, could be estimated, while the camera was in motion. Average positioning error in the smaller environment and the VLC platform were 3.78 cm and 6.96 cm, respectively. From this, location can be determined, even when some LEDs are offline.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…In Fig. 2, we use a laptop PC (Dell Inc., Latitude e5530, Core i5 2.50 GHz) for LED-position detection, sending observation points to the camera, decoding light signals and self-localization [4]. We attached the camera to the mobile robot (LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3), in order to make it more portable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LED-tracking and ID-estimation for indoor positioning using visible light communication

Nakazawa

Makino

Nishimori

et al. 2014

2014 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)

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“…Note that there are six unknown parameters in (21) and (22), i.e., {x l , y l , z l , α, β, γ}. All these unknown parameters can be found from (21) and (22) In [148] the authors have used a camera with fish eye lens to capture the images from the LED lights and utilized the image processing tools to estimate the global coordinates of the camera. The authors in [148] have experimentally tested their proposed system at Niigeta university, Japan and achieved an accuracy of 10 cm.…”

Section: Occ-based Localization and Navigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical camera communications: Survey, use cases, challenges, and future trends

Saeed

Guo

Park

et al. 2019

Physical Communication

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Recently, a camera or an image sensor receiver based optical wireless communications (OWC) techniques have attracted particular interest in areas such as the internet of things, indoor localization, motion capture, and intelligent transportation systems. As a supplementary technique of high-speed OWC based on photo-detectors, communications hinging on image sensors as receivers do not need much modification to the current infrastructure, such that the implementation complexity and cost are quite low. Therefore, in this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of optical camera communication (OCC) techniques, and their use in localization, navigation, and motion capture. This survey is distinguishable from the existing reviews on this topic by covering multiple aspects of OCC and its various applications. The first part of the paper focuses on the standardization, channel characterization, modulation, coding, synchronization, and signal processing techniques for OCC systems while the second part of the article presents the literature on OCC based localization, navigation, motion capture, and intelligent transportation systems. Finally, in the last part of the paper, we present the challenges and future research directions of OCC.(OCC) [5]. FSO communication systems consist of a laser diode (LD) transmitter and a photodiode (PD) receiver. It typically relies on UV or visible bands, offers high rate transmission in a long distance, and can be used for a backhaul of communication networks. However, FSO communications need a strict alignment, and consequently, their cost at transceivers is high. Also, FSO communication systems suffer from atmospheric turbulence which can be mitigated by using different statistical channel models [6,7,8,9,10], robust modulation techniques [11,12], and accurate pointing and tracking methods [13,14,15]. On the other hand, VLC hinging on visible bands is an LD or light emitting diode (LED) transmitter and PD receiver-based medium-range communication technology. VLC is capable of offering high data rate within a range of tens of meters but does not consider multiple user access. The advancement of VLC systems has also led to enable various location aware indoor applications. Recently, several indoor localization systems based on VLC are proposed [16,17,18,19,20]. Interested readers are referred to [21,22], and the references therein for VLC based indoor localization and tracking methods. Nevertheless, the VLC technology suffers from both limited coverage and interference. Increasing the field of view of the LEDs improves the coverage; however, it increases the interference at the receiver. Signal-to-interference ratio based methods can be used to analyze the coverage and interference problems in VLC systems [23]. Different from VLC, Li-Fi is an LED transmitter based light networking technology that involves multiple user access, bidirectional communications, multi-cell handover, etc. The emerging Li-Fi supports mobile communica-

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“…Visible light communication (VLC) is an optical wireless communication technique that utilizes the light visible to humans [1,2]. Since the VLC is safe to the human body even at high output and enables wideband communications, the VLC has attracted much attention due to its wide expanse of the light-emitting diode (LED) light and has various unique applications: intelligent transport systems [3], survey measurement system [4,5], robot control system [6][7][8], indoor navigation system [9], etc. The projector VLC (PVLC) has been studied to achieve the novel displays emitting imperceptible metadata along with the image [10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delta-Sigma Modulated Visible Light Communication Illumination System Using a Projector with the Digital Micro-Mirror Device

Kodama

Haruyama

2019

Sensors

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There is a unique transmission method of visible light communication (VLC) that can transmit multiple data in multiple directions simultaneously by using a projector with the digital micro-mirror device (DMD). Previously, we proposed a method of transmitting data from the projector that transmits digitally modulated VLC signal from each pixel, and in this paper, we propose an extension of the method to transmit audio signal by using a special type of modulation called delta-sigma-modulation (DSM). The DSM-VLC system employs a simple receiver that comprises simple analog electric circuits, which contribute to low power consumption. We made a DSM-VLC prototype and verified that the prototype was able to send four different waves to different directions. Additionally, the experiments' results agree very well with the simulation results. Furthermore, we designed two types of DSM: pulse width modulation (PWM) and pulse density modulation (PDM), and we verified that the PDM-VLC is better than the PWM-VLC regarding the DMD switching frequency's efficiency. Our proposed DSM-VLC can be used for such applications as voice information guidance systems with direction-selective messages.

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Indoor positioning using a high-speed, fish-eye lens-equipped camera in Visible Light Communication

Cited by 75 publications

References 6 publications

LED-tracking and ID-estimation for indoor positioning using visible light communication

LED-tracking and ID-estimation for indoor positioning using visible light communication

Optical camera communications: Survey, use cases, challenges, and future trends

Delta-Sigma Modulated Visible Light Communication Illumination System Using a Projector with the Digital Micro-Mirror Device

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