Induced resistance to pests and pathogens in trees

Eyles, Alieta; Bonello, Pierluigi; Ganley, Rebecca J.; Mohammed, CL

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03127.x

Cited by 275 publications

(217 citation statements)

References 154 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…Running vertically, the larval galleries cut the resin ducts, the repellent effects of which increase with size, number and total area (Baier et al 2002;Rosner and Hannrup 2004). In addition, conifers are equipped with an extensive arsenal of chemical, protein-based and anatomically inducible defences, activated in response to attack or wounding (Eyles et al 2010). Encapsulating invading biotic agents and sealing wounded tissue, secondary metabolites such as terpenoids and phenolic compounds show also highly toxic effects on invading organisms (Franceschi et al 2005;Mason & Singer 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defence reactions of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) before and after inoculation of the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica in a drought stress experiment

Netherer¹,

Ehn²,

Blackwell³

et al. 2016

Forestry Journal

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We performed an inoculation experiment using the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica at the Rosalia Roof study site, which was set up to study drought effects on Norway spruce susceptibility to attacks by the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Tree resistance parameters such as resin flow rate and extent of hypersensitive wound reaction in the phloem were investigated prior to and after fungal infection. Sample trees with different drought treatments (trees fully covered or semi-covered by roofs, control trees) were inoculated with E. polonica in July 2014. In order to check for areas of phloem necrosis, the outer bark around the inoculation holes was scratched off 6 weeks later. We recorded the amount of resin exudation within 12 hours overnight in August and September 2013 and 2014. Although wound reaction zones did not differ in size between tree collectives of the various treatments, fully covered trees tended to exhibit larger necrotic areas compared to control trees. The least water supplied trees showed lowest resin flow rates prior to fungal inoculation, but were the only group to show significantly enhanced resin flow five weeks after the evaluation of defence reactions. Our results agree with earlier findings that wounding and few fungal inoculations can increase tree resistance in the medium term given not too severe water stress. Further investigations will clarify how water stress affects the availability of non-structural carbohydrates for secondary metabolism, when depletion of resources eventually occurs, and at which point trees are most susceptible to bark beetle attack.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defence reactions of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) before and after inoculation of the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica in a drought stress experiment

Netherer¹,

Ehn²,

Blackwell³

et al. 2016

Forestry Journal

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“…Constitutive defenses are structural or chemical compounds permanently present in the tree and represent the first lines of protection. Inducible defenses are activated by plants upon perception of a foreign challenge, and occur at the site of the initial attack (local defence), in distant parts of the plant or throughout the entire plant (systemic defence) (Eyles et al, 2010). Several types of systemic induced resistance have been characterized in detail, such as pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR), systemic induced resistance by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria or fungi (SIR), and wound or herbivore induced resistance (Pieterse and Van Loon, 2007;Eyles et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inducible defenses are activated by plants upon perception of a foreign challenge, and occur at the site of the initial attack (local defence), in distant parts of the plant or throughout the entire plant (systemic defence) (Eyles et al, 2010). Several types of systemic induced resistance have been characterized in detail, such as pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR), systemic induced resistance by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria or fungi (SIR), and wound or herbivore induced resistance (Pieterse and Van Loon, 2007;Eyles et al, 2010). These types of resistance are initiated by different elicitors and partially controlled by distinct signaling pathways, but all share the characteristic of having a broad spectrum of effectiveness (Pieterse and Van Loon, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is growing evidence that exogenous applications of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can enhance the levels of certain defensive compounds of plants and in consequence be used to trigger the defense mechanisms of trees (Moreira et al, 2009;Eyles et al, 2010). MeJA or (Z,E)-methyl 3-oxo-2-(2-pentyl) cyclopentane acetate is one of the mayor physiological active forms of jasmonates, and the most commonly studied elicitor in conifer species (Holopainen et al, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluating methyl jasmonate for induction of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum, F. circinatum and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi

et al. 2012

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Damping off is probably the most common disease affecting seedlings in forest nurseries. In south-western Europe, the pitch canker and the Dutch elm disease cause relevant economic looses in forests, mostly in adult trees. The ability of the chemical plant elicitor methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to induce resistance in Pinus pinaster against Fusarium oxysporum and F. circinatum, and in Ulmus minor against Ophiostoma novo-ulmi was examined. In a first experiment, an aqueous solution of MeJA 5 mM was applied to P. pinaster seeds by immersion or spray, and different concentrations of MeJA (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mM) were tested in seedlings before inoculations with F. oxysporum (10 5 and 10 7 spores mL -1 ). In a second experiment, 6-months-old P. pinaster seedlings were sprayed with 0 and 25 mM of MeJA, and later challenged with mycelium of F. circinatum. Finally, 4-year-old U. minor trees were sprayed with 0, 50 and 100 mM of MeJA and subsequently inoculated with O. novo-ulmi (10 6 spores mL -1 ). MeJA did not protect P. pinaster seeds and seedlings against F. oxysporum, probably because plants were too young for the physiological mechanisms responsible for resistance to be induced. Based on the morphological changes observed in the treated 6-months-old P. pinaster seedlings (reduction of growth and increased resin duct density), there is evidence that MeJA could have activated the mechanisms of resistance. However, 25 mM MeJA did not reduce plant mortality, probably because the spread of the virulent F. circinatum strain within the tree tissues was faster than the formation of effective defense responses. Based on the lack of phenological changes observed in the treated elms, there is no evidence that MeJA would cause induction of resistance. These results suggest that the use of MeJA to prevent F. oxysporum and F. circinatum in P. pinaster seedlings in nurseries and O. novo-ulmi in U. minor trees should be discarded.

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“…There are two defense kinds: constitutive, which are expressed all time, even when they are not suffering from damage and induced defenses that enhanced after damage [50,52]. Among constitutive defenses are resin canals, chemical compounds such as phenolics and therpenes, and the mechanical properties of the cortex that act as a barrier [50,53].…”

Section: Temperate Forestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Antiherbivore Defense in Diverse Environments

Morquecho-Contreras¹,

Zepeda-Gómez²,

HermiloSánchez-Sánchez³

2018

Pure and Applied Biogeography

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Herbivores can damage plant productivity and fitness; plants have improved defensive traits, such as chemical defenses. Plant species produce specific defensive traits in response of diverse risk factor generated by herbivores. In this chapter, we analyze and compare the defensive traits used by plants in different habitats: aquatic ecosystems, temperate forest, and rainforest. In aquatic environments, the number of herbivores is scarce, and plants develop biomass and restrict defensive compound production. At the terrestrial environment, plants need to accumulate defensive traits for an eventual attack. But the number and quantity of those traits depend on biotic and abiotic factors. In temperate forest, plants have a low growth, and herbivore diversity is low, because there are a few number of defensive traits but in great quantity to guarantee plant survival. In contrast, at tropical forest there is a great herbivore diversity, and plants have a quick growth; thus they develop a great variety of defensive traits. There are substantial differences in plant defensive strategies at different environments. Usually, the aquatic plants use water-soluble and diffusible compounds; plants in rainforest use a plethora of chemical defenses, and in temperate forest, plants utilize physical barriers, resins, and terpenes.

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Induced resistance to pests and pathogens in trees

Cited by 275 publications

References 154 publications

Defence reactions of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) before and after inoculation of the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica in a drought stress experiment

Defence reactions of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) before and after inoculation of the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica in a drought stress experiment

Evaluating methyl jasmonate for induction of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum, F. circinatum and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi

Plant Antiherbivore Defense in Diverse Environments

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