Inducers of salmon innate immunity: An in vitro and in vivo approach

Estévez, Rosana A.; Mostazo, Miriam G. Contreras; Rodrı́guez, Eduardo; Espinoza, Juan Carlos; Kuznar, Juan; Jónsson, Zophonı́as O.; Guðmundsson, Guðmundur H.; Maier, Valerie H.

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.058

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Other examples of AMP genes being regulated through nutritional means include the following: a metabolite of leucine known as β-hydroxy-β-methylbutryic acid (HMB) that aids in preventing muscle atrophy and vitamin D [ 89 , 90 , 91 ]. For example, Atlantic salmon exposed to HMB in the water as well as in feed show upregulation of CATH2 in the gills [ 89 ]. In addition, HMB induces cath2 and hepc gene expression in the embryonic-derived CHSE-214, Chinook salmon cell line [ 89 ].…”

Section: Factors Affecting Salmonid Amp Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Atlantic salmon exposed to HMB in the water as well as in feed show upregulation of CATH2 in the gills [ 89 ]. In addition, HMB induces cath2 and hepc gene expression in the embryonic-derived CHSE-214, Chinook salmon cell line [ 89 ]. Meanwhile, vitamin D treatment of the same cells only induces cath2 [ 89 ].…”

Section: Factors Affecting Salmonid Amp Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, HMB induces cath2 and hepc gene expression in the embryonic-derived CHSE-214, Chinook salmon cell line [ 89 ]. Meanwhile, vitamin D treatment of the same cells only induces cath2 [ 89 ]. This suggests that the cath2 gene in Chinook salmon may have a vitamin D response element (VDRE) in the promoter region, but this may be lacking in the hepc gene within this species [ 91 ].…”

Section: Factors Affecting Salmonid Amp Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antimicrobial Peptides of Salmonid Fish: From Form to Function

Brunner

Varga

Dixon

2020

Biology

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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, usually cationic, and amphiphilic molecules that play a crucial role in molecular and cellular host defense against pathogens, tissue damage, and infection. AMPs are present in all metazoans and several have been discovered in teleosts. Some teleosts, such as salmonids, have undergone whole genome duplication events and retained a diverse AMP repertoire. Salmonid AMPs have also been shown to possess diverse and potent antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic activity and are induced by a variety of factors, including dietary components and specific molecules also known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which may activate downstream signals to initiate transcription of AMP genes. Moreover, a multitude of cell lines have been established from various salmonid species, making it possible to study host-pathogen interactions in vitro, and several of these cell lines have been shown to express various AMPs. In this review, the structure, function, transcriptional regulation, and immunomodulatory role of salmonid AMPs are highlighted in health and disease. It is important to characterize and understand how salmonid AMPs function as this may lead to a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions with implications for aquaculture and medicine.

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Section: Factors Affecting Salmonid Amp Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Affecting Salmonid Amp Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Affecting Salmonid Amp Gene Expressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Antimicrobial Peptides of Salmonid Fish: From Form to Function

Brunner

Varga

Dixon

2020

Biology

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“…In animals, feed supplementation with HMB has been shown to increase weight gains and improve performance. Numerous clinical trials conducted on fish [17,18], birds [10,19], and mammals, including pigs [20,21], cattle [22,23], sheep [8,24], and goats [25], demonstrated that HMB boosts immunity, mostly non-specific immune responses, and increases the animals' resistance to pathogens. Non-specific (natural, innate) defence mechanisms, including anatomic barriers, antibacterial humoral responses, and cellular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance, constitute the first line of defence against pathogens regardless of previous host-pathogen interactions or the type and structure of the antigen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) on Chemotaxis, Phagocytosis, and Oxidative Burst of Peripheral Blood Granulocytes and Monocytes in Goats

Wójcik

Ząbek

Małaczewska

et al. 2019

Animals

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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on the chemotactic activity, phagocytic activity, and oxidative metabolism of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes in goats. Goat kids aged 30 ± 3 days were divided into two groups of 12 animals each: I—control, and II—experimental. Experimental group animals were fed a diet supplemented with HMB in the amount of 50 mg/Kg BW; whereas the diets of control goats were not supplemented. At the beginning of the experiment (day 0) and on experimental days 15, 30, and 60, blood was sampled from the jugular vein to determine and compare chemotactic activity (MIGRATEST® kit), phagocytic activity (PHAGOTEST® kit), and oxidative metabolism (BURSTTEST® kit) of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes by flow cytometry. The analyses of the chemotactic and phagocytic activity of granulocytes and monocytes revealed statistically higher levels of phagocytic activity in the experimental group than in the control group, as expressed by the percentage of phagocytic cells and mean fluorescence intensity. HMB also enhanced the oxidative metabolism of both granulocytes and monocytes, expressed by the rate of oxidative metabolism and mean fluorescence intensity after stimulation with Escherichia coli bacteria and PMA (4-phorbol-12-β-myristate-13-acetate).

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“…If the urea cycle is fully functioning, then citrulline could be used to bolster arginine levels, as is found in mammalian species [48,49]. This idea is also supported by the functioning NOS cycle in salmonids as they are able to produce NO in the innate immune response against pathogens [50]. Citrulline is generated as a by-product of the iNOS reaction and could be recycled back into arginine by ASS and ASL.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 90%