Chalcones have anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we synthesized 2¢-methoxy-4¢6¢-bis(methoxymethoxy)chalcone (MBMC) and examined its anti-inflammatory effects. MBMC inhibited nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. MBMC also blocked LPSinduced activation of nuclear factor jB (NF-jB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). MBMC increased haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression and nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an essential transcription factor for HO-1 induction. Treatment with tin protoporphyrin, a selective inhibitor of HO-1, reversed the inhibition of nitric oxide production by MBMC, suggesting that HO-1 induction mediates MBMC-mediated suppression of nitric oxide production. MBMC treatment rapidly and transiently decreased glutathione (GSH) levels, and treatment with GSH-Et (cell permeable form of GSH) or N-acetylcysteine (precursor of GSH) counteracted the HO-1 and Nrf2 expression elicited by MBMC, indicating that MBMC-induced HO-1 expression requires transient depletion of GSH. In summary, MBMC inhibits LPS-stimulated nitric oxide production via down-regulation of inflammatory pathways (NF-jB, p38 and JNK) and induction of the protective enzyme, HO-1.Nitric oxide, a bioactive free radical, regulates many physiological processes [1]. However, excessive nitric oxide production is implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, such as haemorrhagic and septic shock, chronic infections and rheumatoid arthritis [2][3][4]. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is induced in response to inflammatory stimuli and catalyses the production of large amounts of nitric oxide during inflammation [5]. Therefore, blocking excessive nitric oxide production through inhibiting iNOS expression may improve abnormal inflammatory responses. iNOS expression is regulated by nuclear factor jB (NF-jB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways [6][7][8].Haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) has anti-inflammatory properties associated with cytoprotective responses [9,10]. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is critical for HO-1 induction and is activated by diverse oxidants, pro-oxidants, antioxidants and chemopreventive agents [11,12]. Activated Nrf2 accumulates in the nucleus, binds to the antioxidant response element and up-regulates antioxidant enzymes, including HO-1 [13]. The nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 can be regulated by translocation from the cytosol and ⁄ or by increased expression level of Nrf2 [14]. Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative and nitrosative stress [15]. Depletion of intracellular GSH may induce Nrf2 expression as a cellular defence mechanism to increase GSH content [16]. It has been shown that depletion of GSH induces HO-1 expression and inhibits nitric oxide production [17].We have previously demonstrated that 2¢,4¢,6¢-tris(methoxymethoxy)chalcone (TMMC), a syn...