“…Several in vitro studies have demonstrated that phagocytosis of M. tuberculosis induces macrophage activation, and production of proinflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-a, IL-1b and IL-6 by macrophages, is known to enhance replication of HIV-1 (Molina et al, 1989;Weiss et al, 1989;Birx et al, 1990;Emilie et al, 1990;Lafeuillade et al, 1991;Herbein & Varin, 2010;Cozzi-Lepri et al, 2011). Growth of M. tuberculosis was observed to be significantly greater in HIV-1-infected monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) compared with that in HIV-1-negative cells (Imperiali et al, 2001).…”