It is increasingly clear that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a distinct microRNA (miRNA) expression profile that is involved in malignancy; however, little is known about how functional miRNA modulates the metastasis of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC (HBV-HCC). In the present study, we demonstrate that the levels of miRNA-143 (miR-143) are dramatically increased in metastatic HBV-HCC of both p21-HBx transgenic mice and HCC patients. Moreover, we show that overexpression of this miRNA is transcribed by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B) and favors liver tumor cell invasive and metastatic behavior. H epatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and aggressive cancer that is strongly associated with chronic infection by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). 1 Poor prognosis and patient survival with HCC are largely due to invasion/metastasis and postsurgical recurrence. 2 The HBV X protein (HBx), a protein encoded by HBV, is thought to play a key role in the molecular pathogenesis of HBV-related HCC (HBV-HCC). 2,3 Invasion and metastasis are fundamental properties of HBV-HCC, which has a very high mortality rate. Alteration of some adhesion molecules in HBV-HCC has been described, including up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases 1-3 and down-regulation of E-cadherin. Both of these changes indicate that HBx contributes to the metastatic spread of liver tumors. 2,4 Metastasis is a complex cascade, however, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are far from being fully understood.MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily endogenous regulatory noncoding RNAs that play critical roles in gene regulation. 5 Recent studies implicate miRNAs in several cancers, and altered miRNA levels can result in aberrant expression of gene products that may contribute to cancer biology, including tumor metastasis. [5][6][7][8] These findings suggest that expression profiling of miRNAs is an alternative method for cancer subtype classification, prognostication, and treatment. 5,7,8 It is known that HCC develops several years after HBV infection. 2,9 A p21-HBx transgenic mouse model was established by introducing the HBx gene into the p21 locus. About 60% of p21-HBx transgenic mice develop hepato-