Induction of protection in murine experimental models againstTrichinella spiralis: an up-to-date review

Abstract

The parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis, an aetiological agent of the disease known as trichinellosis, infects wild and domestic animals through contaminated pig meat, which is the major source for Trichinella transmission. Prevention of this disease by interrupting parasite transmission includes vaccine development for livestock; however, major challenges to this strategy are the complexity of the T. spiralis life cycle, diversity of stage-specific antigens, immune-evasion strategies and the modulatory effect of host responses. Different approaches have been taken to induce protective immune responses by T. spiralis immunogens. These include the use of whole extracts or excretory-secretory antigens, as well as recombinant proteins or synthesized epitopes, using murine experimental models for trichinellosis. Here these schemes are reviewed and discussed, and new proposals envisioned to block the zoonotic transmission of this parasite.

Protective immunity in mice vaccinated with a novel elastase-1 significantly decreases Trichinella spiralis fecundity and infection

“…In future studies, polyvalent vaccines should be developed and contain multiple protective antigenic epitopes from diverse T. spiralis developmental phases (IIL, AW, NBL and ML) to elicit both systemic/ enteral local humoral and cellular immune responses. To acquire full immune protection, ideal polyvalent vaccines must prevent Trichinella infection and block the development of clinical trichinellosis at various lifecycle phases: interrupting IIL larval invasion of enteral epithelia, blocking IIL larval development to the adult stage, dislodging adult worms from the guts, interdicting or impeding NBL generation from enteral residual adults, killing escaping NBL to prevent their migration in blood and larval encapsulation in skeletal muscles [36,69]. Hence, oral polyvalent vaccines against different T. spiralis life cycle phases need to be developed to interrupt Trichinella infection transmission among domestic food animals [9].…”

A Multiple Antigen Peptide Vaccine Containing CD4+ T Cell Epitopes Enhances Humoral Immunity against Trichinella spiralis Infection in Mice

“…Vaccine against hookworm with less than 30% reduction in worm burden was also tested in clinical trials [46,47]. The low protection induced by single vaccine immunization for helminth infection may be caused by the complexity of the life cycle, diversity of stagespecific antigens, immune-evasion strategies, and the modulatory effect of host responses [48]. Indeed, the pathology of parasites is directly related to the number of worms harbored by the host.…”

Vaccines againstTrichinella spiralis: Progress, challenges and future prospects

“…Over the past three decades, certain efforts and progresses on development of vaccines against T. Spiralis have been made that are owing to the scientific development in the area of pathogenesis and immune regulation of trichinellosis, which is able to facilitate our understanding of the development of novel vaccine formulations. It has been evaluated that a variety of vaccine strategies, including inactivated vaccines, recombinant proteins and subunit vaccines, synthesized epitope vaccines, viral or bacterial vector and DNA vaccines, can elicit effective protective immune responses (Ortega‐Pierres et al., ). The candidate vaccine immunogens against T. spiralis infection are mainly focused on excretory–secretory (ES) antigens with a mixed or single molecular weight and other recombinant functional factors (e.g., proteases, surface proteins and some other antigens participated in intracellular processes).…”

“…The occurrence of human trichinellosis outbreaks is direct or indirect due to pork consumption (Pozio, ). Thus, the primary control measure to prevent people from acquiring trichinellosis should interrupt the transmission from pigs to humans (Ortega‐Pierres, Vaquero‐Vera, Fonseca‐Liñán, Bermúdez‐Cruz, & Argüello‐García, ). Prevention strategies for pigs from noncontrolled management conditions are not surprised including risk assessment and surveillance, meat inspection, consumer education and medical care (Murrell, ; Pozio, ).…”