Industrial preparation of phosphonium ionic liquidsPortions of this work were presented at the following meetings: (a) 224th American Chemical Society Conference, Boston, USA, 2002; (b) Green Solvents for Catalysis Meeting, held in Bruchsal, Germany, 13–16th October 2002.

Bradaric, Christine J.; Downard, Andrew; Kennedy, Christine A.; Robertson, Allan J.; Zhou, Yuehui

doi:10.1039/b209734f

Cited by 521 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In fact, ionic liquids exhibit classical temperature-dependent decomposition reactions which are slow, but present, at temperatures as much as 100 • C below the values of decomposition temperatures determined by scanning TGA. [6] To properly characterize thermal stability and thereby justify the proposition that some ionic liquids can be useful as high temperature process solvents, much more of this type of work is needed, preferably coupled with mass spectrometry, or other structural analysis, of the decomposition products at each temperature. Nonetheless, the caveat emptor is clear: Most decomposition temperatures reported in the literature are significant over-estimates.…”

Section: Are There Generic Ionic Liquid Properties?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquids—Progress on the Fundamental Issues

MacFarlane¹,

Seddon²

2007

Aust. J. Chem.

368

258

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Section: Are There Generic Ionic Liquid Properties?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquids—Progress on the Fundamental Issues

MacFarlane¹,

Seddon²

2007

Aust. J. Chem.

368

258

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“…Recently, the so-called room temperature molten salts (RTMSs) have been increasingly employed as substitutes for organic solvents traditionally used as chemical reaction media [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] . The most common RTMSs are imidazolium 10 and pyridinium 11 derivatives, and in addition, phosphonium 12 or tetralkylammonium 13 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI), because of their low viscosity, high ionic conductivity and low melting point [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] . However, its low cathodic stability is the most critical obstacle for the application to their practical use as an electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Energy-Density Capacitor Based on Ammonium Salt Type Ionic Liquids and Their Mixing Effect by Propylene Carbonate

Kim

Matsuzawa

Ozaki

et al. 2005

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Novel ionic liquids comprised of a quaternary ammonium salt type cation have been applied to an electrolyte for high performance electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). The novel ionic liquids (IL-B; N, N-diethyl-N-methyl(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DEME-BF 4 ) and IL-T; N, N-diethyl-N-methyl(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (DEME-TFSI)) are promising candidates for EDLC electrolytes in terms of a high decomposition voltage (wide voltage window) non-flammability, easy handling, non-volatility and low production costs. Notably, the wide voltage windowindicates that IL-B and IL-T are more advantageous in energy density than a typical propylene carbonate-based electrolytes (i.e., TEA-BF 4 /PC) and a conventional imidazolium type ionic liquid (i.e., 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, EMI-BF 4 ). The effectiveness of IL-B and IL-T on the application to EDLC electrolytes has been confirmed by using KOH-activated mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers (MPCFs) as an electrode material. The combination of IL-T (IL-B) and KOH-activated MPCFs has provided 56 F/g (51 F/g) of high specific capacitance at a maximum (1 mA/cm 2 discharge current density, 3.5V charging voltage), which is equivalent to 224 F/g (204 F/g) in a conventional three-compartment measuring system.In addition, the specific capacitance of both ionic liquids has increased proportional to the increase in the applied voltage from 2.5 to 3.5 V, in contrast to the decline observed for TEA-BF 4 /PC at 3.5 V. Furthermore, the mixture of the IL-B exhibiting high viscosity with propylene carbonate (1 M of IL-B in PC) has been found to provide an excellent capacitance behavior comparable to that observed for the pure IL-B. This indicates that the mixture has a great potential for application to EDLC electrolytes, similar to pure IL-B and IL-T.2

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“…14,15 To avoid the occurrence of HER, researchers in recent years have turned to deep eutectic solvents (DES) as an electrolyte for electrochemical reactions due to their wide electrochemical window, high ionic conductivity, high solvation capacity, negligible vapor pressure and excellent stability. [16][17][18][19][20] Besides, DES, as a subclass of ionic liquids (ILs), is a green electrolyte for application in electroplating. [14][15][16][21][22][23] Reline, as one application of DES, is formed by choline chloride and urea at the ratio of 1:2.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[16][17][18][19][20] Besides, DES, as a subclass of ionic liquids (ILs), is a green electrolyte for application in electroplating. [14][15][16][21][22][23] Reline, as one application of DES, is formed by choline chloride and urea at the ratio of 1:2. Harati et al fabricated successfully stoichiometric CIGS thin film by the one-pot electrodeposition in Reline as electrolyte.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Reline for Ga-Controllable CIGS Solar Cell in One-Step Electrodeposition

Zhang

Han

Cheng³

2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A deep eutectic solvent (DES) called Reline has attracted great interests in photovoltaic application. Many efforts have been made to get high efficiency solar cells by electrodeposition in such a low-cost and green electrolyte. In this work, the micro-structure and electrochemical properties of Reline are investigated. The metal complex system of Reline and metal salts is deduced by FTIR and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy analyses. The theoretical diffusion coefficients of Cu, In and Ga at 65 • C are calculated by Cyclic voltammetry analysis to perform a controllable Ga/(In+Ga) ratio over a large range (0 ∼ 0.53) by different pulse potentiostatic methods. Based on these achievements and optimizations, the best CIGS solar cell device with a promising efficiency of 10.1% is achieved. Solar energy has received increasing interests as an alternative to other sources of energy such as fossil fuels and nuclear energy. [1][2][3][4][5][6] One of the most promising solar cells is based on the polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) fabricated by using vacuum based process whose conversion efficiency is up to 21.7%. 7 Although vacuum techniques seem to be an excellent method for fabricating high efficiency CIGS solar cells, it is challenging to scale up the process for commercial production. While sputtering and evaporation technique could be used for large-area deposition, however, the production process is limited by expensive vacuum equipment as well as large energy consumption. [8][9][10][11] For low-cost fabrication of semiconductor thin films, electrodeposition has been proved to be a viable approach for large scale manufacturing of CIGS.10-13 However, most of the works are carried out in aqueous solvents, in which hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) leads to low plating efficiencies and pinholes in the plating layer.14,15 To avoid the occurrence of HER, researchers in recent years have turned to deep eutectic solvents (DES) as an electrolyte for electrochemical reactions due to their wide electrochemical window, high ionic conductivity, high solvation capacity, negligible vapor pressure and excellent stability. [16][17][18][19][20] Besides, DES, as a subclass of ionic liquids (ILs), is a green electrolyte for application in electroplating. [14][15][16][21][22][23] Reline, as one application of DES, is formed by choline chloride and urea at the ratio of 1:2. Harati et al. fabricated successfully stoichiometric CIGS thin film by the one-pot electrodeposition in Reline as electrolyte.21 Malaquias et al. used Reline to deposit In-Ga on Cu and Mo electrodes and finally obtained solar cell with a 7.9% efficiency. 15 Chen at al reported a 3.87% CZTS solar cell efficiency by co-electrodepositing Cu-Zn-Sn precursor thin films in Reline. 24 Although these studies show the viability of Reline as a green electrolyte, its micro-structure and electrochemical properties are rarely reported and the formed metal complexes in Reline are also needed further investigation. Meanwhile DES is cheap and easy to synthesize and has wide applica...

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Industrial preparation of phosphonium ionic liquidsPortions of this work were presented at the following meetings: (a) 224th American Chemical Society Conference, Boston, USA, 2002; (b) Green Solvents for Catalysis Meeting, held in Bruchsal, Germany, 13–16th October 2002.

Cited by 521 publications

References 42 publications

Ionic Liquids—Progress on the Fundamental Issues

Ionic Liquids—Progress on the Fundamental Issues

High Energy-Density Capacitor Based on Ammonium Salt Type Ionic Liquids and Their Mixing Effect by Propylene Carbonate

Insights into the Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Reline for Ga-Controllable CIGS Solar Cell in One-Step Electrodeposition

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