Infant formulae

Wharton, B A

doi:10.1111/j.1467-3010.1984.tb01300.x

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…DIET AND BABIES (TABLES 1 AND 2) The infant formulas most commonly used in early life are based on demineralised whey plus skimmed milk, a blend of vegetable and animal fats, vitamins, and minerals including iron. We therefore used such a formula (Nan supplied by Nestle) for one group of babies, the other group was breast fed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet and faecal flora in the newborn: breast milk and infant formula.

Balmer¹,

Wharton²

1989

Archives of Disease in Childhood

241

121

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SUMMARY This study examined the faecal flora on days 4, 14, and 28 of 17 breast fed babies and 26 bottle fed babies receiving a modern infant formula based on demineralised whey. Generally among breast fed babies bifidobacteria and staphylococci were the predominant organisms, whereas in the formula fed babies the predominant organisms were enterococci, coliforms, and clostridia. Despite the extensive modification of cows' milk to make an infant formula resemble human breast milk, the results are very similar to those previously reported with unmodified cows' milk baby feeds. The exact dietary factor responsible for these microbiological differences is unclear and in succeeding papers we have looked at the effects of protein quality, in particular the content of whey proteins, casein, and lactoferrin.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet and faecal flora in the newborn: breast milk and infant formula.

Balmer¹,

Wharton²

1989

Archives of Disease in Childhood

241

121

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In previous reviews we have described the manufacture and properties of infant formulae and follow-on milks (1,2). This paper explores their role in promoting the nutritional health of sucklings and weanlings concentrating on four areas that we have investigated and including some previously unpublished data.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein nutrition, faecal flora and iron metabolism: the role of milk‐based formulae

Wharton¹,

Balmer²,

Hm³

et al. 1994

Acta Paediatrica

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PH. Protein nutrition, faecal flora and iron metabolism: the role of milk-based formulae. Acta Paediatr 1994; (Suppl402): 24-30. Stockholm. ISSN 0803-5326.This paper explores the role of milk-based formulae in achieving four aspects of nutritional health in infants and toddlers: in the suckling, to mimic the amino acid metabolism and the faecal flora of a breast-fed baby; in the weanling, to achieve adequate protein intakes in later infancy and beyond and to achieve satisfactory haemoglobin concentrations in the early toddler years. Milk-based formulae have two roles in infant nutrition: as so-called breast milk substitutes and as a safety net during the weaning period; the latter role may be the more important. Brian A Wharton, The Old Rectory, Belbroughton, Worcestershire, U KIn previous reviews we have described the manufacture and properties of infant formulae and follow-on milks (1, 2). This paper explores their role in promoting the nutritional health of sucklings and weanlings concentrating on four areas that we have investigated and including some previously unpublished data. The sucklingBreast milk remains the gold standard for the nutrition of young infants. Milk-based formulae need to be similar in composition to that of breast milk and to have similar effects in the baby. Two aspects of mimicking breast milk and the breast-fed baby that we have been concerned with are presented. Amino acid metabolismOver the years, the quantity of protein in milk-based formulae has been reduced gradually. A major argument in favour of the reduction is the consequent fall in the renal solute load generated by excessive amounts of protein. Moreover, methods for producing lower protein formulae usually result in lower concentrations of minerals, including phosphate (1,2), and so the prevalence of late neonatal hypocalcaemic convulsions has fallen (3).As protein quantity is reduced, questions of protein quality and amino acid content become more important. Compared to a gram of breast milk protein, a gram of cows' milk protein contains less cysteine (about 50% of that in breast milk) and less tryptophan (about 65%). Cows' milk protein also contains slightly less alanine and glycine (about 95%) and they might be conditionally essential in the newborn.As the amount of cows' milk protein in formulae is reduced, so there will be an increasing likelihood of the baby receiving a lower intake of cysteine and tryptophan than a breast-fed baby. Figure 1 shows plasma amino acid concentrations in normal healthy newborn babies in the first 3 weeks of life. The formulafed babies had higher plasma concentrations of many amino acids but lower concentrations of a few, including tryptophan (4).Cysteine. Babies consuming l00ml of breast milk receive about 24 mg of cysteine, whereas those receiving 100 ml of a casein-dominant formula (1.5 g of protein) receive only 14mg.We did not find that the lower intake of cysteine was accompanied by lower plasma cysteine concentrations in either low birthweight or normal-sized babies (see Fig. I), but ...

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Distinctive aspects of metabolism and nutrition in infancy

Wharton

Scott

1996

Clinical Biochemistry

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Infant formulae

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Diet and faecal flora in the newborn: breast milk and infant formula.

Diet and faecal flora in the newborn: breast milk and infant formula.

Protein nutrition, faecal flora and iron metabolism: the role of milk‐based formulae

Distinctive aspects of metabolism and nutrition in infancy

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