Infection with AIDS-related herpesviruses in human immunodeficiency virus-negative infants and endemic childhood Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa.

Kasolo, Francis; Mpabalwani, Evans; Gompels, Ursula A.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-78-4-847

Cited by 116 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…Of these, three studies identified evidence of KSHV-DNA in peripheral blood cells (Chang et al, 1996;Kasolo et al, 1997;Belec et al, 1998), two used a lytic antibody assay alone (He et al, 1998;Lampinen et al, 2000), five used a latent antibody assay alone Ariyoshi et al, 1998;Bestetti et al, 1998;Bourboulia et al, 1998;Sitas et al, 1999) and 18 used both a lytic and a latent assay (Lennette et al, 1996;Simpson et al, 1996;Mayama et al, 1998;Olsen et al, 1988;Ablashi et al, 1999;Andreoni et al, 1999Andreoni et al, , 2002Enbom et al, 1999;Gessain et al, 1999;Wilkinson et al, 1999;Engels et al, 2000;Rezza et al, 2000;Gaye Serraino-Diallo et al, 2001;Kakoola et al, 2001;Nuvor et al, 2001;Serraino et al, 2001;Wawer et al, 2001). The results are presented in Table 1, together with the estimated cumulative incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma in men aged 0 -64 years in the period before HIV infection (Cook-Mozaffari et al, 1998).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in Africa in relation to the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma

2003

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In the years before human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma varied markedly across the African continent, and it was a disease primarily affecting men. In contrast, the evidence reviewed here shows that the causal virusKaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) -is prevalent in many African countries, including places where Kaposi's sarcoma was almost unknown before HIV, and that it is as common in women as in men. Therefore, the geographical distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa before the spread of HIV and its predominance as a disease affecting men are not a simple reflection of the distribution of KSHV. Since the epidemic of HIV in Africa, Kaposi's sarcoma has become relatively more frequent in women, and the incidence has increased in countries where it was previously rare, but where KSHV is prevalent, as well as in countries where it was already common. These changes point to a role for other (as yet unknown) factors in the aetiology of Kaposi's sarcoma that may have the most effect in the absence of concurrent HIV infection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in Africa in relation to the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma

2003

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“…Four major clinical forms have since been described [Giraldo et al, 1989;Martin et al, 1993]: (1) epidemic or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS-associated; (2) classic; (3) African endemic; and (4) immunosuppressionassociated (iatrogenic) Kaposi's sarcoma [Giraldo et al, 1989;Beral et al, 1990;Martin et al, 1993]. African endemic Kaposi's sarcoma clusters among Africans from East and Central Africa and accounts for 3-18% of all malignancies in these regions [Martin et al, 1993;Gompels and Kasolo, 1996;Lennette et al, 1996;Kasolo et al, 1997]. Since the start of the AIDS epidemic and the rapid spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in subSaharan Africa, differentiation between African endemic and epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma has become more difficult; presently the epidemic form is diagnosed predominantly in African patients [Matondo, 1995].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HHV-8 is present in all Kaposi's sarcoma lesions and is also associated with the rare AIDS-related body cavity-based B-cell lymphoma, non-AIDS-associated body cavity-based B-cell lymphomas, and multicentric Castleman's disease [Cesarman et al, 1995Boshoff et al, 1995;Huang et al, 1995;Soulier et al, 1995]. HHV-8 was detected in 8% of infants<15 months of age in Zambia, where a linear increase in seroprevalence with age was noticed that reflects the endemic nature of HHV-8 infection (47% in 14-19-year-olds to 71% in persons aged≥50 years) [Kasolo et al, 1997;Olsen et al, 1998]. A high seroprevalence rate of 84-100% was also found in the non-Kaposi sarcoma endemic regions of West Africa (The Gambia and the Ivory Coast) [Lennette et al, 1996].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HHV‐8 subtypes in South Africa: Identification of a case suggesting a novel B variant

Treurnicht

Engelbrecht

Taylor

et al. 2001

Journal of Medical Virology

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Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) has been identified as the causative agent for all forms of Kaposi's sarcoma and is also associated with the development of body cavity-based B-cell lymphomas and multicentric Castleman's disease. HHV-8 genomes are now classified into five major subtypes (A-E) that reflect sequence heterogeneity in the highly variable open reading frame (ORF) K1. To identify HHV-8 subtypes associated with different forms of Kaposi's sarcoma, we compared the ORF 26 and ORF-K1 gene sequences from South African patients with the prototype strains of the major subtypes, as well as published sequences from other African strains. DNA prepared from Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies and/or peripheral blood lymphocytes were available from 14 patients with postrenal transplant (iatrogenic) Kaposi's sarcoma, six patients with the African endemic form, and one patient with AIDS-related body cavity-based B-cell lymphoma. We identified a B2 subtype in six patients, four of whom also had a novel B5 type ORF 26 polymorphism. Two patients had B2 type patterns for both the ORF 26 and ORF-K1 genes. The ORF-K1 subtype A5 was identified in samples from three patients with a B3/C2 type polymorphism in the ORF 26 gene. A novel ORF-K1 B variant strain was identified in a patient with African endemic Kaposi's sarcoma, who also had a B3/C2 class ORF 26 pattern. In 58.3% of iatrogenic Kaposi's sarcoma patients, a B5-type ORF 26 gene sequence pattern was identified. No association was found among particular subtypes, geographical origin of patients, or clinical presentation.

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“…HHV-6 is the causative agent of the sixth childhood disease exanthem subitum (6). In industrialized countries, primary HHV-6 infections are almost always caused by the B variant (7) although primary infections with variant A have been reported in Africa (8). Other complications of primary HHV-6 infection include hepatitis (9), meningitis (10), fatal hemophagocytic syndrome (11), and fatal disseminated infection (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Herpesvirus 6 Immediate-Early 1 Protein Is a Sumoylated Nuclear Phosphoprotein Colocalizing with Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein-associated Nuclear Bodies

Gravel¹,

Gosselin²,

Flamand³

2002

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Immediate-early (IE) proteins are the first proteins expressed following viral entry and play a crucial role in the initiation of infection. We report the cloning and characterization of a full-length IE1 transcript and protein (IE1B) from human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) variant B. The IE1B transcript consists of five exons (3720 nucleotides), three of which are coding for the IE1 protein.The 1078-amino acid-long IE1B protein is 62% identical and 75% similar to the 941-amino acid IE1 from HHV-6 variant A. IE1B protein can be detected at 4 h postinfection (P.I.), and it is distributed as small intranuclear structures. The maximal number of IE1 bodies (ϳ10 -12/nucleus) is detected at 12 h P.I. after which the IE1 bodies condense into 1-3 larger entities by 24 -48 h P.I. During infection the IE1B protein is phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. IE1B undergoes further post-translational modification with its conjugation to the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO-1) peptide. IE1B colocalizes with SUMO-1 and promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies during infection as well as in transfection experiments. Finally, IE1 from variant B is a weaker transactivator than IE1 from variant A, when assayed using heterologous promoters. Overall, the characterization of the HHV-6 IE1B protein presented highlights the similarity and divergence between IE1 from both variants and provides useful information pertaining to the early phase of infection.

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Infection with AIDS-related herpesviruses in human immunodeficiency virus-negative infants and endemic childhood Kaposi's sarcoma in Africa.

Cited by 116 publications

References 49 publications

Review of the distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in Africa in relation to the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma

Review of the distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in Africa in relation to the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma

HHV‐8 subtypes in South Africa: Identification of a case suggesting a novel B variant

Human Herpesvirus 6 Immediate-Early 1 Protein Is a Sumoylated Nuclear Phosphoprotein Colocalizing with Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein-associated Nuclear Bodies

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