Infectious and parasitic diseases of phytophagous insect pests in the context of extreme environmental conditions

Abstract

The density of phytophagous insect pest populations is related (directly and indirectly) to several groups of factors that can be broadly divided into: abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic. Each extreme in the abiotic environment at a macro-level leads to a series of consecutive extremes in the biotic environment, which eventually results in micro-level responses in the individual organisms. The manifestation of factors acts in aggregate or in a sequence, creating a chain of processes around us. Insects very efficiently use the abundance of nutritional resources, resulting in a tremendous increase in their population density, and triggering control mechanisms through the emergence of parasitic and pathogenic infections (viruses, bacteria, fungi, microsporidia, protozoa and nematodes). The development of entomopathogenic infections in host populations is directly dependent on the characteristics of both the antagonist and the insect. It is associated with the lifestyle and life cycle of the insect, with features encoded in the mechanism of pathogen action, and limited by the pathogen’s virulence and pathogenicity.

Peran Kesehatan Lingkungan dalam Pencegahan Penyakit Menular pada Remaja di Jakarta: Integrasi Ilmu Lingkungan, Epidemiologi, dan Kebijakan Kesehatan

“…Polusi udara juga telah dikaitkan dengan kunjungan ke unit gawat darurat karena penyakit menular (Szyszkowicz & de Angelis, 2022). Selain itu, kondisi lingkungan secara tidak langsung dapat mempengaruhi kepadatan populasi serangga hama fitofag, yang pada gilirannya dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan infeksi entomopatogenik pada populasi inang (Takov et al, 2021). Untuk mengatasi tantangan yang ditimbulkan oleh faktor lingkungan pada penyakit menular, sangat penting untuk menerapkan intervensi yang meningkatkan praktik air, sanitasi, dan kebersihan (WASH), serta intervensi gizi.…”