Infectious Bursal Disease Virus-Induced Immunosuppression in the Chick Is Associated with the Presence of Undifferentiated Follicles in the Recovering Bursa

Withers, David R.; Young, J. R.; Davison, T.F.

doi:10.1089/vim.2005.18.127

Cited by 65 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This is in accordance with the pathology and clinical signs of two distinctly virulent IBDV. Infection with vvIBDV results in lymphoid depletion, marked atrophy of the bursal tissues and high rates of mortality [33,34], but Ts strain infection does not cause obviously clinical signs [21]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the expression of cytokine genes in the bursal tissues of the chickens following challenge with infectious bursal disease viruses of varying virulence

Liu

Manfu

Han

et al. 2010

Virol J

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BackgroundCytokines are important mediators and regulators of host responses against foreign antigen, with their main function to orchestrate the functional activities of the cells of the immune system. However little is known about the role of cytokines in pathogenesis and immune responses caused by infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV). The aim of this study was to examine the transcripts of cell-mediated immune response-related cytokine genes in the bursal tissues of chickens infected with IBDVs of varying virulence to gain an understanding of pathological changes and mechanisms of immunosuppression caused by IBDV infection and the immune responses evoked.ResultsReal-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of both Th1 [interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukins (IL)-2 and IL-12p40] and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-10) cytokines were significantly up-regulated following challenge with the H strain (vvIBDV) and up to 2- and 30-fold, respectively (P < 0.05). Following infection with the Ts strain (cell-adapted virus) these cytokine transcripts were up-regulated at 5 days post-infection (dpi), 2- and 13-fold respectively (P < 0.05), while the expression levels of IL-2 and IL-4 were not significantly different (P > 0.05). A higher degree of cytokine expression was induced by the H strain compared with the Ts strain.ConclusionThe results indicate that the expression of cell-mediated immune-related cytokine genes is strongly induced by IBDV, especially by the vvIBDV, H strain and reveal that these cytokines could play a crucial role in driving cellular immune responses during the acute phase of IBDV infection, and the cellular immune responses caused by IBDV of varying virulence are through different signaling pathways.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the expression of cytokine genes in the bursal tissues of the chickens following challenge with infectious bursal disease viruses of varying virulence

Liu

Manfu

Han

et al. 2010

Virol J

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“…KUL-01 + cells (macrophages; Mast et al, 1998) and CD4 + cells were detected with monoclonal antibodies KUL-01 and CT-4 (Southern Biotech). For the detection of CD8a + cells, a mixture of mAbs EP72 (Southern Biotech) and AV14 (a kind gift of Dr T. F. Davison, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, UK; Withers et al, 2005) was used to avoid differences in staining due to polymorphism in the chicken CD8a molecule (Breed et al, 1996;Luhtala et al, 1997).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential gene-expression and host-response profiles against avian influenza virus within the chicken lung due to anatomy and airflow

Reemers

Haarlem

Koerkamp

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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Sampling the complete organ instead of defined parts might affect analysis at both the cellular and transcriptional levels. We defined host responses to H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in trachea and different parts of the lung. Chickens were spray-inoculated with either saline or H9N2 AIV. Trachea and lung were sampled at 1 and 3 days post-inoculation (p.i.) for immunocytochemistry, real-time quantitative RT-PCR and gene-expression profiling. The trachea was divided into upper and lower parts and the lung into four segments, according to anatomy and airflow. Two segments contained the primary and secondary bronchi, cranial versus caudal (parts L1 and L3), and two segments contained the tertiary bronchi, cranial versus caudal (parts L2 and L4). Between the upper and lower trachea in both control and infected birds, minor differences in gene expression and host responses were found. In the lung of control birds, differences in anatomy were reflected in gene expression, and in the lung of infected birds, virus deposition enhanced the differences in gene expression. Differential gene expression in trachea and lung suggested common responses to a wide range of agents and site-specific responses. In trachea, site-specific responses were related to heat shock and lysozyme activity. In lung L1, which contained most virus, site-specific responses were related to genes involved in innate responses, interleukin activity and endocytosis. Our study indicates that the anatomy of the chicken lung must be taken into account when investigating in vivo responses to respiratory virus infections.

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“…As the virulence of the IBDV strain increases, the follicular repopulation or restitution decreases. For individual follicles, two sequelae are observed histologically: large reconstituted follicles with numerous lymphocytes in the cortex and medulla, and small, poorly developed follicles with a poorly discernible cortex and medulla (Withers et al, 2005;Cazaban, 2015). Poor humoral response has been observed in chickens with undifferentiated follicles, possibly due to lack of peripheral B cells.…”

Section: Agentmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Immunosuppressive interactions of viral diseases in poultry

Umar

Munir

Ahsan

et al. 2017

World's Poultry Science Journal

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Poultry can be exposed to different kinds of immunosuppressive agents that impair health and welfare by destroying innate and acquired immunity leading to diminished genetic potential of poultry for efficient production. Immunosuppression is a condition characterised by humoral and cellular immune dysfunction that leads to increased susceptibility to secondary infections and vaccine failure. Immune dysfunction at the humoral level is largely due to change in soluble factors mediated by complement or chemokines for innate immunity or due to alterations in antibodies or cytokines for adaptive immunity. In contrast, immune dysfunctions at cellular levels include alterations in neutrophils, monocyte/macrophage, and natural killer cells for innate immunity or changes in B or T lymphocytes for adaptive immunity. In poultry, stressinduced immunosuppression is manifested by failure in vaccination, and increased morbidity and mortality of flocks. Immunosuppressive agents can have cytolytic effects on lymphocyte populations leading to atrophied and depleted lymphoid organs. Immunosuppression can be due to infectious agents or noninfectious agents or due to a combination of them. At present, several modern cellular and molecular approaches are being used to determine the status of the immune system during stress and disease. Comprehensive methodologies for the evaluation of immunosuppression by combined non-infectious and infectious aetiologies have not found general application. Currently, investigations are being developed in order to detect genetic expression of immunologic mediators and receptors by microarray technology. It is likely that this new technique will initiate the development of new strategies for the control and prevention of immunosuppression in poultry. A long term immunosuppression preventive approach involves genetic selection for resistance to immunosuppressive diseases.

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Infectious Bursal Disease Virus-Induced Immunosuppression in the Chick Is Associated with the Presence of Undifferentiated Follicles in the Recovering Bursa

Cited by 65 publications

References 32 publications

Comparison of the expression of cytokine genes in the bursal tissues of the chickens following challenge with infectious bursal disease viruses of varying virulence

Comparison of the expression of cytokine genes in the bursal tissues of the chickens following challenge with infectious bursal disease viruses of varying virulence

Differential gene-expression and host-response profiles against avian influenza virus within the chicken lung due to anatomy and airflow

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Immunosuppressive interactions of viral diseases in poultry

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