Infectious Diseases of Poverty in Children

Hansen, Caitlin E.; Paintsil, Elijah

doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2015.08.002

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Approximately 30% -40% of close contacts are estimated to be infected at the time of diagnosis for each identified case of TB [24], and children have been identified as being most vulnerable to this disease. The proportion of TB cases reported in children should be higher than the rate identified in this study; this gap demonstrates that childhood TB has historically been neglected [25], and surveillance is additionally challenged by the difficulty diagnosing TB in children [26]. Furthermore, the previous directives of the WHO (before 2014) proposed treated cases of smear-positive TB as tool of the epidemic control [27]; however, this condition may be difficult to identify in children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Trends in Tuberculosis Epidemiology among Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Aketi¹,

Joseph²,

Kashongwe³

et al. 2016

JTR

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Setting: The epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) among children in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is not well known. Objective: This study aimed to describe the trends in TB epidemiology among children in the DRC and to compare these trends in children and adults. Design: Data from the National TB program, the WHO Global TB Report, and a demographic survey of health in the DRC were retrospectively analyzed. The study period was from 1995 to 2014. The notification rate, absolute incidence and incidence rate of TB per 100,000 population were reported. Results: In 2014, 12,785 (12.6% of adult cases) TB cases were reported in children and 101,303 in adults. Among children, 3438 (26.89%) had PTB+; 2828 (22.11%) had PTB−; and 6519 (50.98%) had extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). Children under 5 years had a lower reported prevalence of TB (184 cases). The incidence rate per 100,000 population was 10 in children and 181 in adults. The TB incidence decreased between 2010 (11.47) and 2014 (10.46). The proportion of children in overall cases of PTB+ was 4% to 5% in all districts. Conclusion: Caring for childhood TB remains a challenge in the DRC. Improved diagnostic procedures and effective training of providers who care for childhood TB are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Trends in Tuberculosis Epidemiology among Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Aketi¹,

Joseph²,

Kashongwe³

et al. 2016

JTR

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“…parasites, 29 and the frequency of blood types A, B, O and AB in countries from Africa, Asia, Europe and America to perform correlation analyses (Supplementary Table 1). Blood-type B is present in <20% of the population in all countries from America and Europe, while this blood type is highly prevalent in malaria endemic countries from Africa and Asia (Figure 1a and Supplementary Figure 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of blood type on anti-α-Gal immunity and the incidence of infectious diseases

et al. 2017

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The identification of factors affecting the susceptibility to infectious diseases is essential toward reducing their burden on the human population. The ABO blood type correlates with susceptibility to malaria and other infectious diseases. Due to the structural similarity between blood antigen B and Galα1-3Galβ1-(3)4GlcNAc-R (α-Gal), we hypothesized that self-tolerance to antigen B affects the immune response to α-Gal, which in turn affects the susceptibility to infectious diseases caused by pathogens carrying α-Gal on their surface. Here we found that the incidence of malaria and tuberculosis, caused by pathogens with α-Gal on their surface, positively correlates with the frequency of blood type B in endemic regions. However, the incidence of dengue fever, caused by a pathogen without α-Gal, was not related to the frequency of blood type B in these populations. Furthermore, the incidence of malaria and tuberculosis was negatively correlated with the anti-α-Gal antibody protective response. These results have implications for disease control and prevention.

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“…The difficulties in diagnosing children lead to a low rate of case identification [ 7 , 8 ], and the childhood TB burden reflects the extent of TB among adults. In countries with highly limited resources, TB control depends not only on epidemiological factors but also on clinical and therapeutic factors [ 9 ]. Successful disease control is dependent on improved coverage of TB services, a fully functional referral system from facilities to the community, regular evaluation of activities, and the development of alternative diagnostics [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Tuberculosis in a Sub-Saharan Tertiary Facility: Epidemiology and Factors Associated with Treatment Outcome

et al. 2016

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Childhood tuberculosis (TB) is a diagnostic challenge in developing countries, and patient outcome can be influenced by certain factors. We report the disease course, clinical profile and factors associated with treatment outcome in a tertiary facility of Kinshasa. Documentary and analytical studies were conducted using clinical and exploratory data for children aged up to 15 years who were admitted to the University Clinics of Kinshasa for TB. Data are presented as frequencies and averages, and binary and logistic regression analyses were performed. Of 283 children with TB, 82 (29.0%) had smear-negative TB, 40 (14.1%) had smear-positive TB, 159 (56.1%) had extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB), 2 (0.7%) had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), 167 (59.0%) completed treatment, 30 (10.6%) were cured, 7 (2.5%) failed treatment, 4 (1.4%) died, 55 (19.4%) were transferred to health centers nearest their home, and 20 (7.0%) were defaulters. In the binary analysis, reported TB contacts (p = 0.048), type of TB (p = 0.000), HIV status (p = 0.050), Ziehl-Nielsen test result (p = 0.000), Lowenstein culture (p = 0.004) and chest X-ray (p = 0.057) were associated with outcome. In the logistic regression, none of these factors was a significant predictor of outcome. Tertiary level care facilities must improve the diagnosis and care of patients with childhood TB, which justifies the development of alternative diagnostic techniques and the assessment of other factors that potentially affect outcome.

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty in Children

Cited by 26 publications

References 98 publications

Trends in Tuberculosis Epidemiology among Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Trends in Tuberculosis Epidemiology among Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Effect of blood type on anti-α-Gal immunity and the incidence of infectious diseases

Childhood Tuberculosis in a Sub-Saharan Tertiary Facility: Epidemiology and Factors Associated with Treatment Outcome

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