Infectious, inflammatory, and immune diseases

doi:10.1002/9781119477204.ch32

Cited by 1 publication

(10 citation statements)

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“…In addition to the clinical signs, hematology abnormalities detected in the cow, such as severe neutrophilic leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogenemia, might be related to the acute bacterial inflammatory process in the CNS [ 13 ]. Additionally, CSF analysis showed polymorphonuclear (mainly neutrophilic) pleocytosis and a marked hyperproteinorrachia, supporting the diagnosis of CNS bacterial infection with a blood–brain barrier disruption [ 1 , 2 , 15 ]. Usually, the aforementioned CSF changes are associated with suppurative CNS processes, such as brain or spinal cord abscesses and septic meningoencephalomyelitis [ 1 , 2 , 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Infections in the nervous system are among the most lethal diseases and generally have a substantial economic impact on cattle herds. These infections affecting the cerebrum or forebrain (cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, and hypothalamus), such as in bacterial meningitis, are considered infrequent in adult ruminants [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 18 ], but are more commonly seen in young animals [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CNS infections may cause a number of clinical signs depending on the anatomical location and severity of the lesions [ 1 , 3 ]. Initial clinical signs observed in the Gir cow suggest the involvement of different parts of the CNS, including the forebrain (altered mentation), cerebellum (ataxia), and vestibulum (head tilt to the side of the lesion).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, cranial nerve VII (inability to blink), VIII (head tilt), and XII (hypotonic tongue) dysfunction detected on admission also suggest brainstem impairment. The space-occupying nature of the suppurative CNS lesions, in association with diffuse forebrain involvement caused by bacterial meningoencephalitis, can explain the number of neurological signs observed in the Gir cow [ 1 , 2 , 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The central nervous system (CNS) may be affected by infectious agents through four paths: from hematogenous or lymphatic dissemination deriving from distant sites; direct penetrating lesions; through an adjacent suppurative lesion; or centripetal ascending infection through peripheral nerves. Direct extension of necro-suppurative processes involving other structures of the skull, such as head trauma, dehorning lesions, and otitis media/interna, result in secondary pyogranulomatous intracranial lesions occasionally [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Despite this, the paucity of case reports of middle or inner ear infections evolving to suppurative processes in the CNS of adult cattle suggests underreporting or lack of diagnosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Suppurative Meningoencephalitis by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Direct Extension of Chronic Otitis in a Gir Cow

Câmara

Sousa

Macêdo

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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This paper aims to report clinical, laboratory and pathological features in a case of suppurative meningoencephalitis by P. aeruginosa from the direct extension of chronic otitis in a Gir cow. The cow was recumbent during physical examination, and neurological examination revealed depression, absence of left eyelid and auricular motor reflex, and hypotonic tongue. Hematology revealed hemoconcentration, leukocytosis by neutrophilia, and hyperfibrinogenemia. Cerebrospinal fluid was slightly turbid, and presented polymorphonuclear pleocytosis, and hyperproteinorrachia. Grossly, the skull floor showed a purulent green–yellow exudate that drained from the left inner ear to the cisterna magna. There was diffuse congestion of the telencephalon, and meninges showed severe hyperemia, moderate thickening, and opacity with the deposition of fibrinosuppurative material ventrally, extending to the cerebellum and brainstem. The left cerebellar hemisphere showed an approximately 1.5 cm in diameter liquefaction area surrounded by a hemorrhagic halo. Histologically, cerebellar, mesencephalic, thalamic, and brain base meninges were intensely thickened and showed severe suppurative inflammation and fibrin deposition. Small multifocal suppurative areas were observed in the cerebellum and brainstem, characterized by a necrotic core, a number of neutrophils, and Gram-negative intralesional bacillary myriads. Pure cultures of P. aeruginosa were obtained and identified in the suppurative CNS lesions, meninges, and inner ear samples. This report highlights an uncommon clinical evolution of secondary P. aeruginosa suppurative meningoencephalitis, probably triggered by recurrent parasitic otitis in an adult Gir cow. Veterinarians, practitioners, and farmers must be aware of the risk of CNS infections after unresolved media and inner otitis, especially in cattle breeds more prone to developing parasitic otitis, such as the Gir and Indubrasil breeds.

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