Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of ibex, chamois and other Caprinae

Giacometti, Marco; Janovský, Martin; Belloy, Luc; Frey, Joachim

doi:10.20506/rst.21.2.1338

Cited by 81 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Thus, a lower mycoplasmal load may be needed at higher than at lower elevation to provoke the same damage to the eye. The lack of a correlation in later stages may be due to other factors such as overgrowth of secondary bacterial agents (Giacometti et al 2002) influencing the mycoplasmal load and hiding a possible effect of elevation. There was no significant correlation between mycoplasmal load and elevation in eyes of healthy carriers (r s 0−0.319, P00.118).…”

Section: Elevationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is the development of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in Alpine ibex and Alpine chamois influenced by topographic features?

et al. 2012

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Section: Elevationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In wildlife, IKC is sometimes associated with high mortality (Giacometti et al 2002;Mavrot et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the development of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in Alpine ibex and Alpine chamois influenced by topographic features?

et al. 2012

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“…Though most common in the summer and in young animals, it may occur at any time of the year and in sheep and goats of any age. It occurs in all sheep and goatraising areas of the world, though the primary causative organisms may vary (14). Identification of the causative microorganisms is the mainstay of the treatment of ocular surface infections (26).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of brush cytology (cytospin technique) and cultural results in the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis in a goat herd

Çakir¹,

Gümüşsoy²,

Kutsal³

et al. 2014

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Summary:In this study, cytological examination of smears prepared with cytospin and bacteriological isolation from the samples taken with cytobrush from corneal surface of goats with keratoconjunctivitis were evaluated. An outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis, which is particularly affecting kids, was determined in a herd of Saanen goats consisting of 200 animals (120 kids and 80 goats) that located in Bursa province between 2011 and 2012. One hundred and twenty kids were affected severely in this occurrence whereas approximately 10% of the mothers were affected. In clinical examinations, lacrimation and mucopurulent ocular discharge were observed in the kids. In the advanced stages of the illness, the most remarkable lesion was severe corneal edema, which is characterized by opacity and vascularizaton. Although the clinical signs started to appear solely in one eye, both eyes of all the kids were, generally, become affected whereas the mothers had unilateral ocular lesions. The mortality rate in kids reached up to 20% even though they received treatment. All of the infected mothers recovered after treatment. Ocular brush samples were randomly taken from 30 kids for cytological and microbiological examinations.Conjunctival brush samples were examined with cytospin technique to determine whether cellular features can be utilized for cytodiagnosis. The epithelial cells collected with cytobrush were deposited onto poly-L-lysine coated slide glasses by cytocentrifuge. Slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). All of the brush samples were cultivated at 37 °C under aerobic conditions for microbiological investigations. The suspicious colonies were selected and subcultured for phenotypical tests. The susceptibility of isolates to the antibiotics was determined via disc diffusion method. In cytological examinations, the commonly encountered cell types in eyes with keratoconjunctivitis were neutrophils with or without bacteria located intracellularly as well as eosinophils, lymphocytes and macrophages. Extracellular bacterial clusters were also observed in some cases. Brush cytology samples taken from eyes with corneal ulcers showed significant reactive cellular changes. The most common bacteria isolated and identified were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli with the rates of 61.11, 50 and 47.22% respectively. All isolated strains had different susceptibility to various antibiotics. Seventy of 120 treated kids recovered within a week but the disease recurred in some of them (n=40). As a result, microbial culture and cytospin preparation of ocular surface samples can contribute for identification of keratoconjunctivitis. This is the first report with regard to the occurrence of keratoconjunctivitis in Saanen goats. Moreover, this study is of importance because cytospin technique can be used to aid in the rapid diagnosis and follow up surveillance of the ocular diseases.

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“…This competition for space and food may also have consequences for reproductive success, and long-term population dynamics (Forsyth 2000;Forsyth and Hickling 1998;Madhusudan 2004;Mishra et al 2004). When 48 domestic and wild animals live sympatricly there is also the risk of disease transmission and there are many pathogenic infectious diseases that can infect sympatric wildlife and domestic animals (Daszak et al 2000;Frölich et al 2002;Gaffuri et al 2006;Giacometti et al 2002a;Gortázar et al in coincides with the time of the early lactation period in chamois. It is already known that the presence of sheep affects the spatial distribution of some populations of Rupicapra pyrenaica (Pépin & N'Da 1991; 60 Rebollo et al 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore interspecific transmission must occur either by direct contact or over short distances 72 (Giacometti et al 2002a). Flies may play a role in interspecific transmission of M. conjunctivae and they can also cause avoidance behaviour in ungulates (Degiorgis et al 1999;Fauchald et al 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of domestic sheep on chamois activity, distribution and abundance on sub-alpine pastures

Rüttimann

Giacometti²,

McElligott

2007

Eur J Wildl Res

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Resource competition and disease transmission may occur when domestic and wild ungulates live sympatricly. We investigated if the release of sheep (Ovis aries) onto alpine pasture in Switzerland affected chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) activity budgets, local population size and spatial distribution. We also evaluated the risk of transmission of Mycoplasma conjunctivae (causing a contagious eye disease) from sheep to chamois by examining if the two species had close contact with one another. We carried out the study in an alpine valley containing two adjacent areas: one containing sheep (Fochsenflue) and one where sheep were excluded (Spitzflue). We found no difference between the activity budgets of the chamois at the two sites. At the Fochsenflue, chamois and sheep mainly used separate areas. However, after approximately 1 month, sheep started to move twice per day, into the main area of the chamois. The percentage time feeding, spatial distribution and numbers of chamois did not change in response. Sheep were responsible for all encounters in which the two species came closer than 50 m to each other. The encounters were brief, body contact never occurred, they were not concentrated at saltlicks and chamois mainly ended them. The results suggest that the presence of sheep had little effect on the chamois. However, competition between the two species could still be occurring over a longer time scale. Finally, we found that the risk of inter-specific transmission of IKC through direct body contact is likely to be low, but the risk through indirect means (flies or aerosols) remains.

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Infectious keratoconjunctivitis of ibex, chamois and other Caprinae

Cited by 81 publications

References 29 publications

Is the development of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in Alpine ibex and Alpine chamois influenced by topographic features?

Is the development of infectious keratoconjunctivitis in Alpine ibex and Alpine chamois influenced by topographic features?

Evaluation of brush cytology (cytospin technique) and cultural results in the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis in a goat herd

Effect of domestic sheep on chamois activity, distribution and abundance on sub-alpine pastures

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