Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis

Navarro, Mauricio A.; Uzal, Francisco A.

doi:10.1002/9781118728291.ch23

Cited by 10 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…Clinicopathologic changes may include neutrophilia with a left shift, azotemia, metabolic acidosis, and elevated liver and muscle enzyme activities. 15,19 Given that only 6 cases of presumptive INH have been described previously in horses, available epidemiologic, clinical, and pathology information is scant. Based on this limited number of cases, there is no apparent sex or breed predisposition in cases of equine INH, and both young and adult animals may be affected.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…19 In areas in which the disease is clearly associated with liver flukes and/or other parasites, reducing the parasitic burden and limiting the access of animals to poorly drained pastures may be attempted as preventive measures. 15 Given that several clostridial diseases are assumed to be associated with accelerated postmortem decomposition, an important consideration for the correct diagnosis of INH is the need for rapid evaluation and preservation of tissues after the death of the animal. 6,23 Clinical history, routine autopsy, histopathology, and immunostaining of C. novyi in liver lesions are essential to provide a presumptive diagnosis of INH.…”

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Infectious necrotic hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi type B in a horse: case report and review of the literature

et al. 2017

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A 14-y-old bay Quarter Horse gelding was presented with progressive neurologic signs, elevated rectal temperature, and icterus for 3 d prior to death. Postmortem examination revealed icterus, large amounts of serosanguineous fluid in the abdominal cavity, widespread petechiae and ecchymoses in several organs, and a large, pale, and well-demarcated focus of necrosis in the liver. Histologically, there was coagulative necrosis surrounded by a rim of inflammatory cells and large numbers of gram-positive rods, which were identified as Clostridium novyi by immunohistochemistry. Liver samples tested by PCR were positive for C. novyi type B flagellin and alpha toxin genes, but negative for Clostridium haemolyticum and other clostridia. Based on postmortem findings and ancillary tests, a definitive diagnosis of infectious necrotic hepatitis (INH) was made. Mostly a disease of ruminants, also known as black disease, INH has rarely been reported in horses, and a definitive etiologic diagnosis has not been achieved previously; the etiology of all cases reported to date was identified as C. novyi but the type was not determined. Animals are predisposed to clostridial hepatitis when hepatic anaerobiosis is established. Such conditions allow germination and proliferation of bacterial spores, resulting in production and release of toxins. INH, caused by C. novyi type B, and bacillary hemoglobinuria, caused by C. haemolyticum, are mechanistically and pathologically almost indistinguishable. Because these 2 microorganisms are closely related, differentiation requires molecular tools.

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Infectious necrotic hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi type B in a horse: case report and review of the literature

et al. 2017

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“…Clostridium novyi is commonly found in soil and feces of animals, existing in the form of exo-spores that can remain vi able indefinitely. (Navarro and Uzal 2016). Anaerobes are also opportunistic pathogens that can cause infections when these bacteria find anaerobic conditions in tissue, usually as a result of the presence of necrotic tissue and the co-infection with aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria.…”

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confidence: 99%

Myonecrosis caused by double infection of S. equi subspecies zooepidermicus and Clostridium novyi type A in a horse

García¹,

Molino²,

Galapero³

et al. 2020

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This case report describes the lesions and clinical findings in a horse sent to the Clinical Veterinary Hospital of the University of Extremadura for an infected wound, on the lateral aspect of the left hind limb. The infection was caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and Clostridium novyi type A, a bacterial co-infection that could eventually lead to synergistic infection and fatal myonecrosis. It is possible that prior infection with aerobic or facultative bacteria, such as Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, as part of the bacterial flora of horses, may promote, by creating a low potential redox environment, the germination of Clostridium novyi type A spores. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the second report of Clostridium novyi type A as a causative agent of myonecrosis in horses. The anaerobic bacteria involved in clinical cases may be underreported due to the difficulty and inefficiency of culturing these microorganisms on some occasions.

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“…Clostridium novyi , previously known as C. edematiens , causes disease in humans and animals and can be classified into three different types, namely A, B, and C, based on toxin production (Table 1). C. novyi type A causes myonecrosis (gas gangrene, malignant edema) in humans and animals [13], while type B principally causes infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) in ruminants, pigs, and horses [236,237,238,239]. Type B human infections are infrequent [240,241].…”

Section: Clostridium Novyimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Treatment of the disease is frequently not successful [210,250]. C. novyi type B causes black disease or infectious necrotic hepatitis, a well-documented disease in animals [236]. The ingestion of C. novyi spores tends to accumulate in distant organs, such as the liver, spleen, and bone marrow [20], without showing apparent symptoms.…”

Section: Clostridium Novyimentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia

Zaragoza

Orellana

Moonen³

et al. 2019

Toxins

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Clostridium is a broad genus of anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can be found in different environments all around the world. The genus includes human and animal pathogens that produce potent exotoxins that cause rapid and potentially fatal diseases responsible for countless human casualties and billion-dollar annual loss to the agricultural sector. Diseases include botulism, tetanus, enterotoxemia, gas gangrene, necrotic enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, blackleg, and black disease, which are caused by pathogenic Clostridium. Due to their ability to sporulate, they cannot be eradicated from the environment. As such, immunization with toxoid or bacterin-toxoid vaccines is the only protective method against infection. Toxins recovered from Clostridium cultures are inactivated to form toxoids, which are then formulated into multivalent vaccines. This review discusses the toxins, diseases, and toxoid production processes of the most common pathogenic Clostridium species, including Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium septicum, Clostridium novyi and Clostridium hemolyticum.

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Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

Infectious necrotic hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi type B in a horse: case report and review of the literature

Infectious necrotic hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi type B in a horse: case report and review of the literature

Myonecrosis caused by double infection of S. equi subspecies zooepidermicus and Clostridium novyi type A in a horse

Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia

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