Infectivity and Multiplication of Nosema Apis Z. In the Ventriculus of the Honey Bee

Fries, Ingemar

doi:10.1051/apido:19880310

Cited by 90 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The following methodology has been widely used with good results for both N. apis (Fries, 1989;Fries et al, 1992) and N. ceranae (Fries et al, 1996, The number of polar filament coils is one tool that helps to differentiate between species of Nosema (Burges et al, 1974). In N. ceranae, the number of filament coils varies between 20 and 23 in mature spores (Fries et al, 1996), whereas the number of polar filament coils in spores of N. apis is always larger and often more than 30 (Fries, 1989). The immature spores, where the filament is still developing, can be distinguished from mature spores on the less developed spore wall.…”

Section: Transmission Electron Microscopy (Tem)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When cultivating Nosema spores, live bees can be killed 10 to 14 days post-inoculation, approximately when a full N. apis infection is reached (Fries, 1988), using methods described by Human et al (2013) in the BEEBOOK.…”

Section: Group Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to pesticide studies, where the lethal dose to 50% (LD 50 ) or 100% (LD 100 ) of tested insects are used to describe toxicity, the infectious dose can be described as the dose that produces infection in 50% (ID 50 ) or 100% of exposed insects (ID 100 ). For N. apis, ID 50 has been determined to roughly 100 spores per bee (Fries, 1988), with 10,000 spores producing infection in all exposed honey bees (Czekonska, 2007;Fries, 1988). Recently, similar experiments were performed that compared N. apis and N. ceranae.…”

Section: Experiments Typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since individual feeding of honey bees is time consuming, the interval between sampling and the number of bees investigated must, nevertheless, be limited. Because N. apis spores are not produced from new infections until at least 3 days post infection (Fries, 1988 ;Fries et al, 1996;Forsgren and Fries, 2010), with the first spores of N. ceranae produced slightly later (Forsgren and Fries, 2010), sampling should be 20 Fries et al initiated no earlier than 4 days post infection. With a 2 day time interval between sampling, a relatively detailed data set on spore development can be accomplished.…”

Section: Course Of Infection In Individual Beesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Standard methods forNosemaresearch

Fries

Chauzat²,

Chen³

et al. 2013

Journal of Apicultural Research

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329

302

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SummaryMethods are described for working with Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the field and in the laboratory. For fieldwork, different sampling methods are described to determine colony level infections at a given point in time, but also for following the temporal infection dynamics.Suggestions are made for how to standardise field trials for evaluating treatments and disease impact. The laboratory methods described include different means for determining colony level and individual bee infection levels and methods for species determination, including light microscopy, electron microscopy, and molecular methods (PCR). Suggestions are made for how to standardise cage trials, and different inoculation methods for infecting bees are described, including control methods for spore viability. A cell culture system for in vitro rearing of Nosema spp. is described. Finally, how to conduct different types of experiments are described, including infectious dose, dose effects, course of infection and longevity tests. Métodos estándar para la investigación sobre Nosema ResumenSe describen procedimientos para trabajar con Nosema apis y Nosema ceranae en el campo y en el laboratorio. Para el trabajo de campo, se describen diferentes métodos de muestreo para determinar infecciones al nivel de colonia en un momento determinado, y también para el seguimiento de la dinámica temporal de infección. Se hacen sugerencias para la forma de estandarizar los ensayos de campo para evaluar los tratamientos y el impacto de la enfermedad. Los métodos de laboratorio descritos incluyen diferentes formas de determinar los niveles de infección al nivel de colonia y de abeja individual, y los métodos para la determinación de las especies, incluyendo microscopía óptica, microscopía electrónica y métodos moleculares (PCR). Se hacen sugerencias para estandarizar los ensayos con cajas, y se describen diferentes métodos de inoculación para infectar abejas, incluyendo métodos de control para la viabilidad de las esporas. Se describe un sistema de cultivo celular para la cría in vitro de Nosema spp. Finalmente, se describe cómo llevar a cabo diferentes tipos de experimentos, incluyendo la dosis infecciosa, efectos de la dosis, curso de la infección y las pruebas de longevidad.

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Section: Transmission Electron Microscopy (Tem)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Group Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experiments Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Course Of Infection In Individual Beesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Standard methods forNosemaresearch

Fries

Chauzat²,

Chen³

et al. 2013

Journal of Apicultural Research

Self Cite

329

302

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The European honey bee is affected by several pathologies. One of them is Nosemosis which has a great impact on the development of not only the insect (Fries, 1988;Higes et al, 2007) but also the colony (Higes et al, 2008;Paxton, 2010). This disease is caused by two microsporidia species, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae (Fries et al, 1996;Higes, Martín, & Meana, 2006;Forsgren & Fries, 2010), which are both obligate intracellular parasites of the ventricular epithelial cells of adult bees (Fries, 1988;Higes et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Lactobacillus Johnsonii AJ5 Metabolites on Nutrition, Nosema Ceranae Development and Performance of Apis Mellifera L.

Piano

Maggi

Pellegrini

et al. 2017

Journal of Apicultural Science

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A b s t r a c t The European honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is known to be affected by such stress factors as pathogen load, poor nutrition and depressed immunity. Nosema ceranae is one of the main parasites that affect colony populations. The relationship between the stress factors and honey bee-bacteria symbiosis appears as an alternative to enhance bee health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the oral administration of bacterial metabolites produced by Lactobacillus johnsonii AJ5 on nutritional parameters, the N. ceranae development and the performance of A. mellifera colonies. Laboratory assays were performed and demonstrated that the bacterial metabolites did not have a toxic effect on bees. Field trial showed an increase of colonies population over time. Also, a decreasing trend of fat bodies per bee was detected in all colonies but there were no evident changes on abdomen protein content at the end of the assay. Lastly, N. ceranae prevalence showed a tendency to reduce with the organic acids. Future studies should be performed to increase our knowledge of the physiological effects of bacterial metabolites on the health of bee colonies.

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Honey Bees

Vidal-Naquet¹,

Cripps²

2021

Invertebrate Medicine

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Infectivity and Multiplication of Nosema Apis Z. In the Ventriculus of the Honey Bee

Cited by 90 publications

References 13 publications

Standard methods forNosemaresearch

Standard methods forNosemaresearch

Effects of Lactobacillus Johnsonii AJ5 Metabolites on Nutrition, Nosema Ceranae Development and Performance of Apis Mellifera L.

Honey Bees

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