Inflammation as an orchestrator of cutaneous scar formation: a review of the literature

Wilgus, Traci A.

doi:10.20517/2347-9264.2020.150

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 166 publications

(173 reference statements)

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“…An imbalanced or persistent inflammatory response is believed to contribute to scar formation and fibrosis [ 7 ]. One inflammatory cell type that has been proposed to drive fibroblast activation and excessive collagen deposition is the mast cell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Evidence for and against a Role for Mast Cells in Cutaneous Scarring and Fibrosis

Wilgus

Uddin

Bayat

2020

IJMS

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Scars are generated in mature skin as a result of the normal repair process, but the replacement of normal tissue with scar tissue can lead to biomechanical and functional deficiencies in the skin as well as psychological and social issues for patients that negatively affect quality of life. Abnormal scars, such as hypertrophic scars and keloids, and cutaneous fibrosis that develops in diseases such as systemic sclerosis and graft-versus-host disease can be even more challenging for patients. There is a large body of literature suggesting that inflammation promotes the deposition of scar tissue by fibroblasts. Mast cells represent one inflammatory cell type in particular that has been implicated in skin scarring and fibrosis. Most published studies in this area support a pro-fibrotic role for mast cells in the skin, as many mast cell-derived mediators stimulate fibroblast activity and studies generally indicate higher numbers of mast cells and/or mast cell activation in scars and fibrotic skin. However, some studies in mast cell-deficient mice have suggested that these cells may not play a critical role in cutaneous scarring/fibrosis. Here, we will review the data for and against mast cells as key regulators of skin fibrosis and discuss scientific gaps in the field.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Evidence for and against a Role for Mast Cells in Cutaneous Scarring and Fibrosis

Wilgus

Uddin

Bayat

2020

IJMS

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“…Excessive scarring and fibrosis have been linked to macrophage dysfunction in a wide range of injuries [ 61 ]. The topic of macrophages as critical mediators of scar formation has been widely studied and thoroughly reviewed recently [ 62 ]. In short, the balance between regeneration of tissue and scar-forming repair seems linked to macrophage function, with excessive inflammation leading to fibrotic rather than regenerative repair.…”

Section: Macrophages In Regenerative Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophages in Healing Wounds: Paradoxes and Paradigms

DiPietro

Wilgus

Koh

2021

IJMS

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Macrophages are prominent cells in normally healing adult skin wounds, yet their exact functions and functional significance to healing outcomes remain enigmatic. Many functional attributes are ascribed to wound macrophages, including host defense and support of the proliferation of new tissue to replace that lost by injury. Indeed, the depletion of macrophages is unmistakably detrimental to normal skin healing in adult mammals. Yet in certain systems, dermal wounds seem to heal well with limited or even no functional macrophages, creating an apparent paradox regarding the function of this cell in wounds. Recent advances in our understanding of wound macrophage phenotypes, along with new information about cellular plasticity in wounds, may provide some explanation for the apparently contradictory findings and suggest new paradigms regarding macrophage function in wounds. Continued study of this remarkable cell is needed to develop effective therapeutic options to improve healing outcomes.

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“…Scarring is strikingly linked to inflammation; it is caused by immune cell interactions that produce several cytokines that activate mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts, promoting fibroplasia, contraction, and collagen production. According to the data, the strength of the inflammatory response correlates strongly with the amount of the scar that the tissue or organ will form, for more information review [137]. However, research in different regenerative models has shown that specific inflammatory components (cells, cytokines and chemokines) are central promoters of regeneration.…”

Section: Perspective On the Effect Of The Immune System In The Evolution Of Regenerative Capacitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Cellular Immunity Effector Cells; Perspective on Cytotoxic and Phagocytic Cellular Lineages

Mandujano-Tinoco

Sultan

Ottolenghi

et al. 2021

Cells

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The immune system has evolved to protect organisms from infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasitic pathogens. In addition, it provides regenerative capacities, tissue maintenance, and self/non-self recognition of foreign tissues. Phagocytosis and cytotoxicity are two prominent cellular immune activities positioned at the base of immune effector function in mammals. Although these immune mechanisms have diversified into a wide heterogeneous repertoire of effector cells, it appears that they share some common cellular and molecular features in all animals, but also some interesting convergent mechanisms. In this review, we will explore the current knowledge about the evolution of phagocytic and cytotoxic immune lineages against pathogens, in the clearance of damaged cells, for regeneration, for histocompatibility recognition, and in killing virally infected cells. To this end, we give different immune examples of multicellular organism models, ranging from the roots of bilateral organisms to chordate invertebrates, comparing to vertebrates’ lineages. In this review, we compare cellular lineage homologies at the cellular and molecular levels. We aim to highlight and discuss the diverse function plasticity within the evolved immune effector cells, and even suggest the costs and benefits that it may imply for organisms with the meaning of greater defense against pathogens but less ability to regenerate damaged tissues and organs.

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Inflammation as an orchestrator of cutaneous scar formation: a review of the literature

Cited by 26 publications

References 166 publications

A Review of the Evidence for and against a Role for Mast Cells in Cutaneous Scarring and Fibrosis

A Review of the Evidence for and against a Role for Mast Cells in Cutaneous Scarring and Fibrosis

Macrophages in Healing Wounds: Paradoxes and Paradigms

Evolution of Cellular Immunity Effector Cells; Perspective on Cytotoxic and Phagocytic Cellular Lineages

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