Inflammation-Related Carcinogenesis: Lessons from Animal Models to Clinical Aspects

Abstract

Inflammation-related carcinogenesis has long been known as one of the carcinogenesis patterns in humans. Common carcinogenic factors are inflammation caused by infection with pathogens or the uptake of foreign substances from the environment into the body. Inflammation-related carcinogenesis as a cause for cancer-related death worldwide accounts for approximately 20%, and the incidence varies widely by continent, country, and even region of the country and can be affected by economic status or development. Many novel approaches are currently available concerning the development of animal models to elucidate inflammation-related carcinogenesis. By learning from the oldest to the latest animal models for each organ, we sought to uncover the essential common causes of inflammation-related carcinogenesis. This review confirmed that a common etiology of organ-specific animal models that mimic human inflammation-related carcinogenesis is prolonged exudation of inflammatory cells. Genotoxicity or epigenetic modifications by inflammatory cells resulted in gene mutations or altered gene expression, respectively. Inflammatory cytokines/growth factors released from inflammatory cells promote cell proliferation and repair tissue injury, and inflammation serves as a “carcinogenic niche”, because these fundamental biological events are common to all types of carcinogenesis, not just inflammation-related carcinogenesis. Since clinical strategies are needed to prevent carcinogenesis, we propose the therapeutic apheresis of inflammatory cells as a means of eliminating fundamental cause of inflammation-related carcinogenesis.

Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio (LMR) During Induction Is a Better Predictor Than Preoperative LMR in Patients Receiving Intravesical Bacillus Calmette -Guerin for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer

“…Tumor-related inflammation has been widely studied and listed as a major phenotype of malignant tumors ( 20 ). Meanwhile, inflammatory and immune cells are important parts of the tumor microenvironment and indispensable factors in promoting tumor proliferation, tumor progression, survival and migration ( 21 ). Bladder cancer is an inflammation- and immune-related malignant tumor.…”

Helicobacter pylori-Induced Inflammation: Possible Factors Modulating the Risk of Gastric Cancer

“…Initiators of Precancerous Lesions and GC 6.1. Cytokine Genes Influence Individual Response to Carcinogenic Exposures Chronic inflammation can occur in genetically susceptible hosts with defective mucosal host defense systems or dysregulated immune responses, leading to excessively aggressive responses to ubiquitous antigens, which is the root cause of inflammationrelated carcinogenesis [20,23,105]. Inflammation-related genetic polymorphisms act as initiators of H. pylori-induced chronic atrophic gastritis, and together with other factors they become the precursor of precancerous lesions and carcinoma [106,107].…”

Outcome with surgical treatment of canine soft tissue sarcoma in the region of the ischiatic tuberosity: A veterinary society of surgical oncology retrospective study

“…True incidence of STS in dogs is unknown but it has been previously suggested that these tumours account for 9%–15% of all cutaneous and subcutaneous canine tumours 1 . The underlying causes for sarcomas are varied and multifactorial 2–28 . In dogs, STS have been associated with radiation, trauma, chronic inflammation and parasitic infection 2–6 .…”

“…and childhood cancer. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] In human medicine, approximately 25% of malignancies have been associated with chronic inflammation. 17 Traumatic injury has also been suggested to predispose people to STS development.…”

“…11 Approximately 40% of STS in humans occur in the extremities, with the thigh being the most common site. 12 STS of the buttocks (BSTS) specifically is a rare presentation, and these tumours have historically been categorized as both trunk and extremity sites. 13 However, humans with BSTS have been found to have poorer outcomes, including recurrence, progression and metastasis.…”