Inflammatory biomarkers: impact for diabetes and diabetic vascular disease

The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Taurine on Cardiovascular Disease

“…Diabetes is a well-established risk factor associated with CAD and is a common comorbidity with CVD. Patients with type-2 diabetes have an elevated proinflammatory profile, which drives the progression of atherosclerosis (i.e., endothelial dysfunction), leading to arterial media/intima thickening and plaque formation [5,7]. The progression of CAD in patients with diabetes accelerates, as a cohort study reported that after a 2.5 year follow-up, patients developed new plaques, angina, and carotid intima/media thickness [6], despite 80% of the patients taking medications.…”

“…In humans, taurine has shown anti-inflammatory effects, blood pressure regulation, and at high levels, may protect against coronary heart disease (CAD) [4]. Given that taurine has anti-inflammatory properties, it is an important amino acid in controlling cardiovascular disease (CVD), as inflammation has been suggested to be one of the major contributors to type-2 diabetes (a risk factor of CVD) [5][6][7]. Plant-based diets need to be well planned if they are to provide cardiovascular benefits, as there are differences in nutrients between plant-source foods, which may lead to nutrient deficiencies [8].…”

Anti-hypertensive peptides released from milk proteins by probiotics

“…Of these people > 75 % were overweight/obese and 42 % reporting to doing no exercise. Hypertension usually co-morbids with other risk factors, such as, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and high cholesterol levels (and chronic inflammation) [51][52][53]. High blood pressure in the short term affects the sympathetic nervous system whereas in the long term body fluid volume and the function of the kidneys are greatly affected [53,54].…”

Progression of carotid artery disease could stratify a risk of coronary artery disease patients with type 2 diabetes

“…Importantly, hereditary CAD cannot be discounted which accounts for about one quater of the cases [1]. Carotid artery disease (CARD) shares the same risk factors as CAD [2]. C-reactive protein and fibrinogen also contribute to the progression of atherosclerotic plaques, CAD and to the clinical outcome of patients with CAD and type-2 diabetes (T2D) [3].…”

“…On the other hand, the progression of carotid plaques have greater dynamics, when compared to the progression of CIMT. Recent studies have shown that the combination of calcification length and plaque surface irregularity has additional value beyond the traditional risk classification towards coronary events [2,3,7]. However, there is still debate whether CIMT and its progression could be a surrogate marker for future events in patients with T2D.…”