Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System

Optical coherence tomography as retinal imaging biomarker of neuroinflammation/neurodegeneration in systemic disorders in adults and children

“…A comprehensive list of neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative conditions in childhood, noted at this time, is in Table 2 . As a result of focal and polyfocal neurologic deficits, clinical presentations vary from single to recurrent symptoms and signs, including seizures, cognitive, sensitive and motor/tone/coordination impairments, psychiatric disorders, and vision loss [ 4 , 103 , 128 , 129 ]. In addition, optic neuritis, optic atrophy, pigmentary retinopathy, and retinal dystrophies can occur [ 4 , 103 , 129 ].…”

“…As a result of focal and polyfocal neurologic deficits, clinical presentations vary from single to recurrent symptoms and signs, including seizures, cognitive, sensitive and motor/tone/coordination impairments, psychiatric disorders, and vision loss [ 4 , 103 , 128 , 129 ]. In addition, optic neuritis, optic atrophy, pigmentary retinopathy, and retinal dystrophies can occur [ 4 , 103 , 129 ]. Serum, tissue and cerebrospinal fluid tests along with genetic and immunohistochemical studies are performed for the diagnostic workup [ 4 , 103 , 128 , 129 ].…”

“…In addition, optic neuritis, optic atrophy, pigmentary retinopathy, and retinal dystrophies can occur [ 4 , 103 , 129 ]. Serum, tissue and cerebrospinal fluid tests along with genetic and immunohistochemical studies are performed for the diagnostic workup [ 4 , 103 , 128 , 129 ]. In addition, neuropsychological testing (e.g.…”

“…In addition, neuropsychological testing (e.g. electroencephalography, visual evoked potential, electroretinogram), neuroimaging of the brain and spine using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [ 103 , 128 , 129 ] and, more recently, OCT of the retina are performed. A summary of neurologic tests discussed in this section is in Table 3 .…”

“…A multidisciplinary approach is often important, including the participation of neurologists, paediatricians, rheumatologists, radiologists, geneticists, psychiatrists, infectious disease and immunology experts, and ophthalmologists [ 129 ]. Treatment varies depending on the diagnosis and underlying symptoms [ 129 ]. Emerging therapies seek to improve the clinical outcomes in these disorders [ 103 , 130 ].…”