Inflammatory mediators in the pronociceptive effects induced by Bothrops leucurus snake venom: The role of biogenic amines, nitric oxide, and eicosanoids

Review of the Mechanisms of Snake Venom Induced Pain: It’s All about Location, Location, Location

“…The first paradigm of location concerns the molecular site of action that causes pain. The molecular composition of venom obtained from snakes can be remarkably complex, composed of biogenic amines, enzymes, peptides, and other substances to incapacitate their prey [1][2][3][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]. The reader is referred to a few recent excellent reviews for greater detail [57][58][59]62].…”

“…The reader is referred to a few recent excellent reviews for greater detail [57][58][59]62]. Examples of such compounds include proteins, small molecular weight, non-enzymatic compounds, serine proteases, metalloproteinases, phospholipase A 2 , and 3-finger toxins [1][2][3][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]. These venom components or their enzymatic byproducts interact with a variety of receptors on Aδ and C pain fibers as recently reviewed [58][59][60].…”

“…This category includes compounds such as biogenic amines (e.g., histamine, serotonin), kinins, eicosanoids, and other peptides that bind to their specific receptors [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. These are found as preformed substances in venoms to varying degrees [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] and likely contribute to the initial pain sensations after being bitten.…”

“…This category includes compounds such as biogenic amines (e.g., histamine, serotonin), kinins, eicosanoids, and other peptides that bind to their specific receptors [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. These are found as preformed substances in venoms to varying degrees [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] and likely contribute to the initial pain sensations after being bitten. Most of these substances are rapidly metabolized in the envenomed tissues, circulation, or lung by enzymes such as histaminase, monoamine oxidase, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, and cytochrome 450s.…”

Potential metabolites of Arecaceae family for the natural anti-osteoarthritis medicine: A review

“…It generally occurs when microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, or fungi) invade the body, reside in specific tissues, or circulate in the blood. Inflammation can also occur in response to tissue injury, cell death, cancer, ischemia, and degeneration [ 57 ]. The inflammatory process is mediated by histamine, prostaglandins, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, cytokines, nitric oxide, and others [ 58 ].…”