2022
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.789274
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Inflammatory Microenvironment of Skin Wounds

Abstract: Wound healing is a dynamic and highly regulated process that can be separated into three overlapping and interdependent phases: inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. This review focuses on the inflammation stage, as it is the key stage of wound healing and plays a vital role in the local immune response and determines the progression of wound healing. Inflammatory cells, the main effector cells of the inflammatory response, have been widely studied, but little attention has been paid to the immunomodul… Show more

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Cited by 63 publications
(47 citation statements)
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“…The microenvironment of the infectious wound region is complicated and changes at different stages. Initially, the existence of bacteria, as exogenous stimuli, leads to accumulative production of destructive enzymes and toxins, which cause long-term inflammation and delayed wound healing . The second stage which is inflammation features highly expressive M1 phenotype macrophages, which deteriorate the local recovery. , Overproduced ROS levels exacerbate local inflammation and reduce angiogenesis. , The late stage is the proliferation stage, during which cells migrate to the wound area and newborn vessels generate . Nutrition is brought to the defect region through vessels, benefitting the repair process.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The microenvironment of the infectious wound region is complicated and changes at different stages. Initially, the existence of bacteria, as exogenous stimuli, leads to accumulative production of destructive enzymes and toxins, which cause long-term inflammation and delayed wound healing . The second stage which is inflammation features highly expressive M1 phenotype macrophages, which deteriorate the local recovery. , Overproduced ROS levels exacerbate local inflammation and reduce angiogenesis. , The late stage is the proliferation stage, during which cells migrate to the wound area and newborn vessels generate . Nutrition is brought to the defect region through vessels, benefitting the repair process.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…7 The second stage which is inflammation features highly expressive M1 phenotype macrophages, which deteriorate the local recovery. 8,9 Overproduced ROS levels exacerbate local inflammation and reduce angiogenesis. 10,11 The late stage is the proliferation stage, during which cells migrate to the wound area and newborn vessels generate.…”
Section: ■ Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 16 Some of the well‐known underlying molecular mechanisms are fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast differentiation, as well as activation of inflammatory components. 17 , 18 The repair of damaged tissue produces paracrine signals, which results in the activation of myofibroblast differentiation. 17 Transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) is the most important signal during this process.…”
Section: The Molecular Mechanisms Behind the Microenvironment In Tumo...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Involvement of TME and cells of TME, which are known as the stroma, reactive stroma, and cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs; also known as tumor stromal fibroblasts) during wound healing is a key event in tumorigenesis 16 . Some of the well‐known underlying molecular mechanisms are fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast differentiation, as well as activation of inflammatory components 17,18 . The repair of damaged tissue produces paracrine signals, which results in the activation of myofibroblast differentiation 17 .…”
Section: The Molecular Mechanisms Behind the Microenvironment In Tumo...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Upon injury, the process of tissue repair is initiated, during which recruited immune cells migrate through ECM to reach the target location. Inflammation and resolution of wound healing processes are regulated by contribution of (infiltrating) immune cells ( Volk et al, 2013 ; Manon-Jensen et al, 2016 ; Wang et al, 2022 ). It is likely that their migration, in these lung diseases, through aberrant ECM will affect the function of the infiltrating immune cells.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%